tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37465631819419651622024-03-08T10:37:53.965-08:00Essay writing helpMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.comBlogger239125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-22891606212329779902020-08-27T01:42:00.001-07:002020-08-27T01:42:04.593-07:00Confidential Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsPrivate Analysis - Essay Example As indicated by an investigation by ACER Leadership Center, (ACER Leadership Center, Australia), ââ¬Å"Partnerships between key pioneers in instruction, business and the more extensive network are particularly important.â⬠Inclusion of network pioneers as accomplices in the administration of a school will profit in training and work for the understudies and making social agreement and financial prosperity at both individual and network levels. The school gets the chance to profit by the skill and experience of pioneers in different fields. Most importantly, the commitment of the contributors must be remembered while recognizing network pioneers in the school network. Without the liberal and proceeded with help of the benefactors, it would neither have been conceivable to begin or run the school, the manner in which it has been done every one of these years. Continuing the school and finding a way to guarantee its monetary assets are set up is the initial step to engaging the school and the understudy network. Therefore, the job of the monetary supporters as network pioneers must not be subverted. Next would be the job of Natural Resource Program Consultant. As a pioneer in humanism, the expert would have the option to direct the school towards better comprehension of the social issues in the region, and approaches to manage them. The expert would enable the kids to use the accessible labor and different assets in the region to serve the understudy network. In 2006, The University of Colorado Foundation, the humanitarian accomplice of the University of Colorado, declared that long-term Denver community and business pioneers Joel Edelman and Robert ââ¬Å"Bobâ⬠Willis had joined the Foundation staff. As an advisor Edelman helped the University of Coloradoââ¬â¢s School of Medicine move to Fitzsimons and initiated the creation and dispatch of another nursing program for Metropolitan State College of Denver. (CU Foundation Taps Denver Community Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-45345100492687317312020-08-22T10:13:00.001-07:002020-08-22T10:13:06.141-07:00Managing Performance for ResultsQuestion: Examine about the Managing Result and Performance ? Answer : 1: Paychex Inc, dissimilar to numerous other supplier of finance manages a broad measure of customer bases. As per Montano Kasprzyk, in certainty the referenced post of a record official is one of overwhelming errand and agreeing the referenced duties, the administrators need to exceptionally talented sand strong in their activity (Montano Kasprzyk, 2015).The truth that the administrators accumulate a decent lot of encounters while going to occasions, speaking to at legitimate spots makes them progressively acquainted with the cutoff time and criterias of various customers. In this point of view they should follow the outcomes based evaluation meter which will decide and estimation of the endeavors as the past outcomes have indicated noteworthy improvement. They likewise coordinate and are associated with preparing and advancement of the new officials which can be reviewed by the conduct way to deal with dissect the presentation. In addition, in particular the individual cooperation mak es this procedure considerably more practical for an outcome based execution estimations. In this manner with respect to the circumstance that are been followed in Paychex Inc., the exhibition estimation can be suggested on the outcome based subordinate or a multi-disciplinary way to deal with the two strategies. 2: The agenda for the accompanying methodology: The proposed presentation estimation approach for Paychex has been social in nature in light of the fact that in the expressions of Phillips, meeting the proper necessities of the customers and serving them with the best of the administrations concerning any official is the fundamental target (Phillips, 2016).Therefore, the exhibition will be reflected by the day's end which quantifies and survey the best profitability which has accomplished regarding income which is given by the imminent customer. Thusly, the endeavors of the records official can likewise be perceived regarding the outcome, instead of a hypothetical and emotional methodology of behaviorism. Reference Montano, D. E., Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Hypothesis of contemplated activity, hypothesis of arranged conduct, and the coordinated social model.Health conduct: Theory, research and practice (. Pedhazur, E. J., Schmelkin, L. P. (2013).Measurement, structure, and investigation: An incorporated methodology. Brain research Press. Phillips, J. J., Phillips, P. P. (2016).Handbook of preparing assessment and estimation techniques. Routledge. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-62685398294974602432020-08-21T07:54:00.001-07:002020-08-21T07:54:08.971-07:00A Guide to College Essay Topics for the University of California State UniversityA Guide to College Essay Topics for the University of California State UniversityEssay topics for the University of California State University are not hard to come by. The reason behind this is that there are numerous colleges that require essay topics as part of their admissions requirements. As such, there is a variety of essays to choose from when you are looking for topics for your California education.Before you begin looking at essay topics for college essays, make sure you understand the difference between curriculum and content. Many students may find it helpful to have a diagram to show how the two differ. For instance, if you are writing an essay on Shakespeare, you would need to know what the difference between curriculum and content is.Generally speaking, essay topics for the University of California State University are not going to be overly difficult. However, you will want to take note of the fact that there are many different syllabi that you should look at closely. It is also important to understand the nature of the work that you are being asked to do in order to create an essay that stands out from the crowd.What types of topics are likely to be common with universities such as these? The question of the topic is primarily determined by what school you are attending. For instance, if you were trying to write an essay on computer science, then the first thing that you should try to come up with would be the basics of the subject matter.Of course, since computers and technology are becoming more commonplace in many aspects of our daily lives, the learning process is no longer just limited to the classroom setting. This is where the term 'computer science' comes from. However, if you were trying to write an essay on the history of computing, then the next thing you should try to come up with is the major contributions made by various computer pioneers.The next step would be to learn how to focus on some of the most important concepts in a part icular field. In essence, you should go into the topic with an idea already set in place that is going to be used in the rest of the essay. For instance, you can use the history of computing as a foundation of a particular concept that you are going to cover in the future.With the basic concepts of the topic established, you can move on to the second step of composing the essay. This step involves coming up with the proper way to summarize the entire piece. For instance, you could write the essay as a straight-forward narrative or an outline so that you could get to the meat of the writing later on down the road.The last step is going to be to figure out which specific topic is best for you. It is important to know that this topic will not be perfect for everyone. Therefore, you need to take this into consideration when picking out the topic of your essay. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-42954678271397050132020-05-25T03:42:00.001-07:002020-05-25T03:42:03.623-07:00Run DMC and the Commodification of Subcultures - 998 Words What can the Rap Group Run-D.M.C tell us about the commodification of subcultures and how the style of a subculture can be sold to the mainstream, how does this redefine Hip-hop? Introductory Section: From the socio-economic struggles of 1970s New York, a new kind of subculture emerged with a new style of music known as Hip-hop. The group Run-D.M.C pioneered, to some extent the transformation of Hip-hop from an underground phenomenon to a genre recognised as mainstream and an asoect of pop-culture. Run-D.M.C produced the first rap album to go tripple platinum and the first rap song to be featured on the 24 hour music channel, MTV. The group became increasingly popular throughout the 190s and because of this, the style of the subculture they represented was sold to the mainstream not only through Music, but other forms of Media. The Album Raising Hell released in 1986 is an important album to discuss. Particular tracks from this album are examples from Run-D.M.Cs career that could be used to discuss the commodification of the group, therefore the subculturethey represent. The tracklist includes songs that introduce the merging of seperate subcultures to make them mainstream, the selling of style and brand directly through music and the continual promotion of the group post the peak of their popularity. I will discuss what Run-D.M.C exemplifies and the implications that this has on Hip-hop, does becoming pop dismiss the authenticity of a genre and the origins of a Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-85037981040724829932020-05-14T10:36:00.001-07:002020-05-14T10:36:03.584-07:00The John Peter Zenger Trial John Peter Zenger was born in Germany in 1697. He immigrated to New York with his family in 1710. His father died during the voyage, and his mother, Joanna, was left to support him and his two siblings. At the age of 13, Zenger was apprenticed for eight years to the prominent printer William Bradford who is known as the pioneer printer of the middle colonies. They would form a brief partnership after the apprenticeship before Zenger decided to open his own printing shop in 1726. When Zenger would be later brought to trial, Bradford would remain neutral in the case.à Zenger Approached by Former Chief Justice Zenger was approached by Lewis Morris, a chief justice who had been removed from the bench by Governor William Cosby after he ruled against him. Morris and his associates created the ââ¬Å"Popular Partyâ⬠in opposition to Governor Cosby and needed a newspaper to help them spread the word. Zenger agreed to print their paper as the New York Weekly Journal. Zenger Arrested for Seditious Libel At first, the governor ignored the newspaper which made claims against the governor including his having arbitrarily removed and appointed judges without consulting the legislature. However, once the paper began to grow in popularity, he decided to putà a stop to it.à Zenger was arrested and a formal charge of seditious libel was made against him on November 17, 1734. Unlike today where libel is only proven when the published information is not only false but intended to harm the individual, libel at this time was defined as holding the king or his agents up to public ridicule. It did not matter how true the printed information was. Despite the charge, the governor was unable to sway a grand jury. Instead, Zenger was arrested based on prosecutorsââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"information,â⬠a way to circumvent the grand jury. Zengers case was taken before a jury. Zenger Defended by Andrew Hamilton Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton, a Scottish lawyer who would eventually settle in Pennsylvania. He was not related to Alexander Hamilton. However, he was important in later Pennsylvania history, having helped design Independence Hall. Hamilton took the case on pro bono. Zengers original lawyers had been stricken from the attorneys list due to the corruption that surrounded the case. Hamilton was able to successfully argue to the jury that Zenger was allowed to print things as long as they were true. In fact, when he was not allowed to prove that the claims were true through evidence, he was able to eloquently argue to the jury that they saw the evidence in their everyday lives and therefore didnt need additional proof. Results of the Zenger Case The result of the case did not create a legal precedent because a juryââ¬â¢s verdict does not change the law. However, it had a huge impact on the colonists who saw the importance of a free press to hold the government power in check. Hamilton was lauded by New York colonial leaders for his successful defense of Zenger. Nonetheless, individuals would continue to be punished for publishing information harmful to the government until state constitutions and later the US Constitution in the Bill of Rights would guarantee a free press. Zenger continued to publish the New York Weekly Journal until his death in 1746. His wife continued to publish the paper after his death. When his eldest son, John, took over the business he only continued to publish the paper for three more years. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-37837418754999857342020-05-06T15:05:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:05:20.078-07:00Frederick Douglass The Rise of a Slave Essay example he Rise of a Slave Frederick Douglass is a former slave who made great effort in order to obtain freedom. He is born into slavery in the state of Maryland and he barely knows his parents. Douglass is unique compare to other slaves because he learns how to read and write. He found a way to escape from his master and settles in Massachusetts. Frederick Douglass writes his text to abolish slavery and to change it as well; he plays an important role in securing the equal rights of African-Americans and the abolition of slavery. Frederick Douglass went through tough and undeserved treatment from the majority of his masters which took him through trials of slavery that enabled him to gain his education, gain his manhood and gain his freedom.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Douglass starts his own Sabbath school which he devotes his Sundays off to teach the slaves how to read and write. He holds the Sabbath school at a free colored manââ¬â¢s house. He has over forty slaves in his Sabbath s chool, men and women who has great desire and devotion to learn. Douglass said ââ¬Å"I had at one time over forty scholars, and those of the right sort, ardently desiring to learn. They were all ages, mostly men and womenâ⬠(Douglass 553). Douglass effort in being literate started under injunction and secrecy. He learns to read and write when he was still a slave and that directly puts him in a very dangerous position because to teach a slave to read is illegal and forbidden. Douglass is taught by Sophia Auld, the wife of his owner at the time. Mr. Auld discovers that his wife is teaching Douglass how to read and write. He immediately rebukes her teaching a slave how to read and write is a crime and it is unwise to do so. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Mr. Auld explains why it is unwise to teach a slave how to read and write and says, ââ¬Å"If you teach that nigger how to read, there would be no keeping him. It would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master. As to himself, it could do him no good but a great deal of harm. It would make him discontented and unhappyâ⬠(Douglass 531). Mr. Auldââ¬â¢s words proves prophetic, Brian R. Warnick agreesShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1351 Words à |à 6 Pagesperiod English 1/4/16 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Research Paper Frederick Douglass positively influenced the United States politically and peacefully, as reflected in the literature of the Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass. His work described slavery and provided key information to show the world how slavery really was. Frederick Douglass showed America how terrible the life as a slave was. Frederick Douglass was born a slave in Talbot County, Maryland. He was unsure aboutRead MoreFrederick Douglass, An American Slave1114 Words à |à 5 Pages Frederick Douglass is well known for many of his literary achievements. He is best known, now, as a writer. As a writer, Frederick Douglass shined. As a speaker, he was the best. There was no abolitionist, black or white, that was more for his speaking skills. (McFeely, 206) So impressive were Frederick Douglassââ¬â¢s oratorical and intellectual abilities that opponents refused to believe that he had been a slave and alleged that he was a impostor brought up on the public byRead MoreEssay Frederick Douglass and Slavery1448 Words à |à 6 PagesFrederick Douglass and Slavery Frederick Douglass the most successful abolitionist who changed Americaââ¬â¢s views of slavery through his writings and actions. Frederick Douglass had many achievements throughout his life. His Life as a slave had a great impact on his writings. His great oratory skills left the largest impact on Civil War time period literature. All in all he was the best black speaker and writer ever. Douglass was born a slave in 1817, in Maryland. He educatedRead MoreAn Analysis Of Frederick Douglass s The Light Of Anti Abolitionism 941 Words à |à 4 Pages ââ¬Å"What to the Slave is the Fourth of Julyâ⬠was brilliantly written by Frederick Douglass in the heat of anti-abolitionism. The speech was well written and executed by using imagery and language, using emotional tones to garner sympathy and understanding, and the overarching idea that slavery was wrong. The tone all through the speech shows the passion and fervor Mister Douglass was feeling that day and really goes to show why this speech is fantastic. To start, Frederick Douglass uses heavy andRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1243 Words à |à 5 Pages Frederick Douglass slave owner was his dad. This book is Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The author is Frederick Douglass of his narrative. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery he was working on the farm by age 7. His dad ( Fredââ¬â¢s slave owner ) whipped him as well as Fredââ¬â¢s mom. He was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot county, Maryland. ââ¬Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containingRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Slavery.1438 Words à |à 6 PagesFrederick Douglass and Slavery Frederick Douglass the most successful abolitionist who changed Americaââ¬â¢s views of slavery through his writings and actions. Frederick Douglass had many achievements throughout his life. His Life as a slave had a great impact on his writings. His great oratory skills left the largest impact on Civil War time period literature. All in all he was the best black speaker and writer ever. Douglass was born a slave in 1817, in Maryland. He educatedRead MoreTranscendentalism In Emersons The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1735 Words à |à 7 Pageswith great ease and alacrity; after all, vague ideals seem easy enough to adopt when merely on paper. We experience difficulties, however, when forced to translate these beliefs into actions. In Frederick Douglassââ¬â¢s 1845 The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, the self-agency Douglass utilizes to escape the bondage of slavery seems similar to the actualization that comes through trusting oneââ¬â¢s own interior instincts Ralph Waldo Emerson urges readers to cultivate in his 1841Read MoreFrederick Douglass Should Be Considered A Maryland State1471 Words à |à 6 PagesFrederick Douglass should be considered a Maryland State Author despite the deplorable societal conditions that constrained lives of African-Americans. Frederick Douglass managed to rise above them, and as cended from the societyââ¬â¢s lowest conditions of slavery and racism, to become an important, and a strong proponent of change in the ancient American society. Because of his enthusiasm to work towards achieving change for himself and for society, he has received tribute of admiration from variousRead MoreCompare and Contrast Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frederick Douglass740 Words à |à 3 Pages sermons, speeches and memoirs of slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frederick Douglass were two abolitionist writers. They were similar in some ways and different in others (ââ¬Å"Abolitionâ⬠). Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in Connecticut in 1811 as the daughter of Reverend Lyman Beecher who was active in the anti-slavery movement. She wrote articles for the newspaper as means to support her family. Harriet saw the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (allowed escaped slaves to be re-enslaved) to be immoral.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, ââ¬Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.â⬠2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by his mother Harriet Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-14782985597865272562020-05-05T16:36:00.001-07:002020-05-05T16:36:18.338-07:00Marketing and Competitive Environment and Strategy Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Competitive Environment and Strategy. Answer: Introduction The report provides an insight into the marketing plan for the La Trobe University in Australia. It is a multi campus university with a flagship campus situated in the Melbourne suburb. The university was established in 1964 and knows as the third largest university in Victoria. The University Stands at 12th place in all over Australia. It is a verdant university and a well-known member of the Innovative research university. . The university offers undergraduate and post graduate courses through its colleges of Art, Science, Commerce and science Technology. In 2015, the University was ranked in the top 100 universities as per Times Higher Education World University Rankings (About Vision. 2017). The La Trobe University very well works with the student, staff and the community in order to make sustainable environment. They have undertaken responsibility in order to prepare leaders for tomorrow. There purpose is to recognize the sustainability encompassing economic, social and cultural dynamics. . Like this the university has become a leading sustainable university in Australia. The brochure of university very well represents the environmental sustainability. The University is very well-known for the innovation and research projects carried by them in the recent time. Moreover it attracts students from abroad to pursue post graduate courses and research projects. Special scholarships are also provided by the university to those students who have secured good results in their previous exams (About Us, 2017). The current Australian market in terms of education industry has lot of potential. Apart from the local student there is competition from the other Universities located in other states. In coming years the industry will see a growth in the sector. Segmentation target market The market is currently focusing on the students from the local as well as from other countries. In recent time there is an increase in the students from other countries. Scholarship and finance assistance need to be given to those who are in need. In this manner the University can see a sustainable growth in the coming time. The University Stands at 12th place in all over Australia. It is a verdant university and a well-known member of the Innovative research university. The metropolitan campus of the university is one of the largest in the country. The University is providing specialized knowledge and has an effective marketing distribution. Competitor analysis of a close competitor/competing brand There is an excess competition from the other Universities. The university has very well recognized sustainability across various operation, curriculum and research. The university has embedded sustainability in its practice by engaging staff, student, employers and partners The metropolitan campus of the university is one of the largest in the country. The two other major campuses of the university are located in regional Victorian city of Bendigo and Albury- Wodonga. It is one of the finest Universities located in Australia SWOT analysis Strength Multi campus university The third largest university in Victoria Stands at 12th place in all over Australia Metropolitan campus of the university is one of the largest in the country Very well works with the student, staff and the community in order to make sustainable environment. Became a leading sustainable university in Australia Weakness Excessive competition from the other universities located in Australia. Need to carry out new programmes focusing on career oriented training Campaigning process is weak as compared to the Universities Less oversee admissions as compared to the decided goals Opportunities Opportunity to develop the campus in order seeks attention from local and international students. To add more programs in the curriculum Exchange programme will help in adding value to the University To attract more international students Add efficient faculty in order to provide efficient quality education Threats Excessive competition Limited seats creates excessive competition for international students Faculty switch PESTLE Analysis Political The Australian government is in support of promoting education. For the purpose public universities are allotted with special grant. La Trobe is a multi campus university with a flagship campus situated in the Melbourne suburb. Stable government in the country makes less fluctuation in the rules and regulation (Cravens Piercy, 2006). International student receive safety and security assurance. Economic The net disposable income of domestic population is high. More investment in the field of education is likely to increase in near future. Education loan and support is provided easily for students who want to pursue high education. Social More attention is given to the employment based knowledge. People are likely to spend as per the current economic condition. Moreover there is a flow of income from Asian countries due to increase in number of international students (Wood, 2008). Technological Technology is given special preference at every level in the University The University is centrally operated through technology Students are connected through online system where all the projects and paper submission are done on system. Legal The University is a registered body The university is well operated from 1964 providing quality education. Environmental The university has very well recognized sustainability across various operation, curriculum and research. University is been focusing on developing sustainable environment for the students. Recommendations It is essential for the university to develop itself according to the current requirement. There are already many Universities delivering quality education. Under such a competitive atmosphere it is necessary to focus on every aspect. The university needs to add exchange programme into curriculum so that they attain sustainable results. More focus need to be given to the international students. There is an increase in the number of international participation (Cohen, 2005). Adding more programmes to the curriculum will help the university in gaining significant result. Short term courses should be added in the overall curriculum. This will help in attaining effective result. The campaigning process need to be managed on the basis of the international students. The recent trends have shown that there is an increase in international admissions (Jain Haley, 2009; University College strategic Marketing plan 2015-2017, 2017). Conclusion To conclude it is necessary that the marketing plan of the University should be student centric. It is a verdant university and a well-known member of the Innovative research university. The metropolitan campus of the university is one of the largest in the country. The report very well defines the marketing plan that focus on developing the efficiencies. The SWOT and PESTLE analysis help in understanding the macro environmental factors. The university needs to manage the education system by stabilizing the competitive environment. In this manner they can earn competitive edge over the other Universities brand. References About Us (2017).(Online). Retrieved from: https://www.latrobe.edu.au/ (Accessed on: 25 March 2017) About Vision. 2017).(Online). Retrieved from: https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/vision (Accessed on: 25 March 2017) Cohen, W. A. (2005). The marketing plan. John Wiley Sons. Cravens, D. W., Piercy, N. (2006).Strategic marketing(Vol. 7). New York: McGraw-Hill. Jain, S. C., Haley, G. T. (2009).Marketing planning and strategy. Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1985. University College strategic Marketing plan 2015-2017. (2017).(Online). Retrieved from: https://uc.kennesaw.edu/resources/resources_docs/uc_marketing_plan_2015_2017.pdf (Accessed on: 25 March 2017) Wood, M. B. (2008).The marketing plan handbook. Pearson Prentice Hall. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-91182545591211257802020-04-07T02:00:00.001-07:002020-04-07T02:00:04.004-07:00Pre-Darwinism Views Essays - Biological Evolution, Pre-Darwinism Views Before November 24, 1859, many people simply believed that species were created by God in their present forms, or that it was possible for organic matter to be spawned from inorganic matter. However, Charles Darwin used these ideas to create his thesis, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. The first true theories on evolution arise during the classical Greek period. On a handful of Greek philosophers believed in the theory of evolution and natural selection. Unfortunately, the two philosophers who influenced western civilization the most, Plato and Aristotle, opposed any theory of evolution. Plato believed that there were two worlds, one real world, and one imperfect world that we perceive with our senses. Any variations in life were imperfect images of their ideal forms. However, Aristotle didn't believe in two worlds; instead, he believed in a ?scale of nature.? Each life form was arranged on a type of ?ladder?. It started at the bottom with the least complex organism and continued up to the most complex organism. Each organism had a pre-determined ?rung?, which allowed no ability to move up, and no open spaces for a new organism to fill. According to Neil Campbell in his book, Biology: Fourth Edition, ?Juedo-Christian culture fortified anti-evolution theories.? (p. 400-401) The creationist-essentialist dogma that species were permanent and created for a specific purpose became deeply embedded in Western thought. Any person who dared to theorize or believe in theories about evolution were instantly labeled heretics. The medieval church saw evolution as saying that God did not exist, that we are not the ?supreme creation?, and that humans could just be evolutionary mistakes. However, in the later 1700's and early 1800's there was a ?scientific revolution? taking place. People began to use scientific experiments to explain what they had always put faith in. According to Campbell, the first big step in the development of the theory of evolution was made by Carolus Linnaeus. (p. 400-401) Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy and developed the naming system for organisms that we still use today. He grouped organisms based on similar characteristics. This, for Darwin, would become a focal point of his theory of evolution. When Darwin began his research aboard the H.M.S. Beagle in 1831, he had some pre-constructed ideas. The first was that he rejected Plato's, Aristotle's, and the Church's ideas that organism were made the way they are, and will never change. The second was about Linnaeus' filing system; Darwin believed that similar species must of evolved from similar ancestors. During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin collected 13 different types of finches that he believed were different species. When he returned to Great Britain in 1836, he learned from ornithologists that the 13 different types of finches he collected, were indeed separate species. This discovery led Darwin to theorize that if a species was isolated, then it would adapt to fit it's surroundings; just like how the finches adapted new beaks depending on their native types of food. Finally in 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on his theory of natural selection and the origin of species. When Darwin finished his book on evolution, The Origin of Species, he had two major ideas: the first was that evolution was the explanation for life's unity and diversity; the second was that natural selection is the cause for adaptations. Darwin provided numerous example of his theories, but he was still doubted. However, on of his modern day supporters named Ernst Mayr has provided his own theories and proof of Darwin's ideas. With respect to Darwin's ideas on natural selection and adaptation, Mayr used an closely related group of insect species to prove this point. In Malaya round, pink flowers are common; so the mantid native to Malya is round and pink. However, in Central America, most plants have green, oval-like leaves; so the mantid to Central America is green and oval-like in shape. This example shows how species of common ancestry have adapted to fit their individual surroundings. With respect to Darwin's ideas on evolution, we will look at the mustard plant. The mustard plant is the evolutional ancestor of six different vegetables: cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and kohlrabi. Breeder have been able to prove this by focusing on one particular part of the plant to accentuate. The process of accentuating the plant parts by breeders is evidence of evolution, except that humans are manipulating the results to meet their own needs. There really is not much more information on Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-80319188720227263872020-03-09T02:29:00.001-07:002020-03-09T02:29:02.091-07:00How to Decline a Job Offer With ClassHow to Decline a Job Offer With Class Youââ¬â¢re job searching and you got an offer. Congratulations, thatââ¬â¢s great- no matter how you slice it. Downside? You donââ¬â¢t really want that job. Either youââ¬â¢ve been offered something better, or youââ¬â¢re holding out for a more appropriate opportunity to your skill level and experience. Whatever the reason, if you need to decline a job offer with politeness and class- and without burning any bridges- here are five steps to follow for a graceful exit:1. Acknowledge.Donââ¬â¢t just let the offer letter sit in your inbox- or the offer message in your voicemail. Promptly acknowledge your receipt of the offer, making sure to reiterate your gratitude and sincere appreciation for both the offer and their time and consideration, and confirming timetables. When do they need your decision? Or if they havenââ¬â¢t imposed a deadline, suggest that youââ¬â¢ll get back to them with your answer by a certain (in the very near future) date.2. Stay in touch.Keep a l ine of communication open with you and the recruiter or hiring manager during your deliberation. You never know when a company might be open to negotiate to sweeten the deal for you. Not to mention, ignoring a company thatââ¬â¢s just made you a job offer is a great way to look seriously unprofessional and childish. Put on your big girl panties and let them know where you are at.3. Dot your ââ¬Ëiââ¬â¢s.Before you decline offer A (if youââ¬â¢re doing so because you also got offer B), make sure that youââ¬â¢re all finished with the preliminary on-boarding obstacles at job B before declining offer A. And please donââ¬â¢t post on any social media (especially LinkedIn) that you are accepting any offers until youââ¬â¢ve notified all companies you mean to decline and youââ¬â¢re well on your way to bringing in your plants and pictures to the job you are taking.4. Rip the Band-aid.The best approach, once youââ¬â¢ve decided, is to get your decline over with as quickl y and succinctly as possible. With an email or phone call, give a good brief reason, whatever that reason is. Either youââ¬â¢ve decided itââ¬â¢s not the best time to move/leave your current position/transition to a different role, etc. Or youââ¬â¢ve opted to pursue a position that allows you to be better challenged in one particular area of expertise. Or youââ¬â¢ve simply decided to accept an offer from another company- no further explanation needed unless asked. Elaborate only to the extent that it makes sense in the context of your prior conversations with this company. Remember that any intel you provide will help them in their hiring process and give them greater insight into their own process.5. Donââ¬â¢t ghost.Reiterate at this final stage how much you enjoyed meeting the team. You really enjoyed your conversations, yada yada. But why not stay in touch? Just because you declined an offer, provided you did so reasonably and with a certain degree of professionalis m and class, thereââ¬â¢s no reason at all to go burning any bridges. Connect on LinkedIn to stay abreast of future employment opportunities. Reference a conference you might be attending together as a point of future contact. If none of this makes sense, simply state that the process was a pleasure and you wish them all the best. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-61832541384687552242020-02-21T16:53:00.001-08:002020-02-21T16:53:02.028-08:00Marketing Plan for the Kidz-IDz Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsMarketing Plan for the Kidz-IDz - Research Paper Example At the same time, the target market of the company is ready to take part in the educational process for learning different safety precautions. One of the important elements of the marketing plans is the marketing mix or most commonly known as the 4Pââ¬â¢s of marketing (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). In this section the strategies of 4Pââ¬â¢s of marketing with respect to the e-business are presented. Kidz-IDz presents the parents with different options and products which can facilitate the parents in the process of keeping the children safe. Different kits offered by the company includes different identification details about the child along with the picture identity. The main kit, known as Kidz-IDz kit consists of different products like identification card with photo, medical card, fingerprinting, and several other tools (Kidz-IDz). With the help of all of these tools, parents can make sure that all essential measures are taken for the safety of the children. This product will car ry all necessary information about the child and if he or she get lost somewhere or get indulge in some medical emergency, it will become easier to take life saving measures and contact the parents. Apart from this, the data and information can be converted into electronic information which can be forwarded to different institutions quickly in the case of emergency. Along with this the company allows the parents to update the data regularly in order to make sure that the data is not outdated. All these safety items. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-33777244304844460032020-02-05T10:46:00.001-08:002020-02-05T10:46:02.539-08:00Narration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsNarration - Essay Example Try though it might, the flower could not determine from any of the sunbeams arriving outside its door when this ââ¬Ësummerââ¬â¢ should arrive. In the way that nature speaks to itself, the sunlight sang a welcome to the flower until it opened itself up completely, revealing the special green stripes on white petals that made it unique, but not too proud. The sunbeam celebrated the arrival of the flower because it was the first and therefore symbolized the earliest beginning of summer, but quickly told the flower about the dreams of the summer and the many companion flowers it would have then. This enthusiastic welcome and sense of singularity gave the flower a psychological boost that gave it the fortitude to continue standing when the sunlight disappeared behind a cloud and the wind and weather returned. As had the sunlight, the words of the children again provided the flower with a psychological boost. This boost was so touching that the pain of being broken at the stem did not register in its awareness. Any residual pain it might have felt was erased by the warm hands and the pressing of soft lips against its petals. There was a young girl of indeterminate age living in the house who decided upon a specific boy to be her summer romance. However, this boy was engaged in his studies far away. To convey to him her feelings, the girl wrapped the flower up in some pieces of wood fiber on which were written several verses presumably of romantic sentiment. The flower experienced the darkness as if it was again within the seed. This was not an agreeable experience for the flower as it traversed through the postal system, but the journey was not long and soon, the letter in which the flower was enclosed was opened by the boy. The next time the flower saw the light of day, the boy was no longer happy but was angry. He grabbed up the verses that had enclosed the flower and burned them. The flower could not understand why it Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-80640429472473544912020-01-28T07:09:00.001-08:002020-01-28T07:09:08.858-08:00History and Influences on South East AsiaHistory and Influences on South East Asia CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION If there were only two men in the world, how would they get on? They would help one another, harm one another, flatter one another, slander one another, fight one another, make it up, they could neither live together nor do without one another Philosophical Dictionary, 1764 Increasing role of China in South Asia has attracted the attention of the policy framers as well as scholars. Its foreign policy towards Southeast Asia has varied from indifference to hostility, but Chinese interest in the region has persisted since 1949. While India occupies a vital position in the Chinese calculation, there are discernible variations in Chinese policy towards other states in the region. The behaviour of Southeast Asian states towards China has also varied. Notwithstanding the persistence of the Indian factor in their perceptions, we observe different response to Chinese behaviour and policy in these states. Chinese foreign policy is undergoing a metamorphosis never seen in the history of the Peoples Republic (PRC). The country has enjoyed a more secure place in the world than before, yet it has remained dissatisfied with its international status. Chinas quest for international legitimacy and a positive image is tested by its pursuit of security interests and the power politics logic of its own and other states. Chinese foreign policy strategy has equally stressed the need to protect its national interest in a threatening world and the struggle to remold the international environment in line with its preferences. Clearly PRC foreign policy is complicated, dynamic, and consequential. China has managed to become a rising star in the international arena, both politically and economically. The bipolar world order lasting for nearly half a century came eventually to an abrupt end in the closing months of the 1980s as a result of dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the so-called post cold w ar era began in the final decade of this century. China has some motivations in the Southeast Asia one of these is China is in pursuit of hegemony[1] in the region, another possibility is primarily defensive an attempt to neutralize the region while China focuses on internal priorities and the third possibility is to have a cooperative structure. India is seeking an expanded role in the international Geo-political arena which includes Asia and Southeast Asia. Indias growing economy ,common energy security interests, national interest, and power projection makes India China a Peer competitor. Beijings current goal in southeast Asia is to maintain a stable environment around its periphery to assure others that China is not threat, and to encourage economic ties that contribute to Chinas economic modernization and thus regime stability. The foreign policy instruments that Beijing has employed to secure its goals are constituent throughout most of Southeast Asia, but the priorities assigned to different strategic goals vary depending on Chinas interest in different part of the region. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM To examine the current politico-economic influences in South east Asia and recommend measures for India to significantly expand its politico-economic strategic influence in the South East Asian region with a view to counterbalance the overwhelming Chinese politico ââ¬â economic dominance in the South East Asian Region.. Justification of the Study The most significant strategic development after the Cold War, is probably the sudden growth in Chinas economic potential and consequent national power. A rapid rise in power of a major country in the past has usually led to tension in the region, conflict with the neighbours and eventually a war. To make an assessment of Chinas posture well into the future is fraught with number of uncertainties. Equally, a projection of that role in the next century would, of necessity, demand an intimate acquaintance with how the Chinese have been involved in their dealings with this part of the world in the past. Above all, how that relationship has evolved, to the present day environment. Idea shall be to restrict the paper and sketch out important events in the near past, which have shaped the present and loom larger than the hoary past on the future that is yet in the limbo. The basic intention in writing this dissertation is To examine the current politico-economic influences in South east As ia and recommend measures for India to significantly expand its politico-economic strategic influence in the South East Asian region with a view to counterbalance the overwhelming Chinese politico ââ¬â economic dominance in the South East Asian . A direct question has been addressed whether or not China restricts India from emerging as a global player. Scope Axiomatically any meaningful discussion of Chinas role in Southeast Asia would imply an understanding of its relations with the Indian subcontinent as a whole. Of the worlds great powers, China is geographically the closest to the Southeast Asian countries. It has common borders with Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Caombodia. There is significant cultural similarities far reaching political and strategic repercussions over the past couple of centuries, and has propelled the worlds most populous regions into interaction in a wide variety of ways. From a simple geographical perspective, qualitative changes in the Chinas foreign policy should be expected if China grows from a medium-sized power to superpower. At its present rate of economic growth, Chinas productive capabilities and total wealth will soon outstrip those of the other Asian powers. As a weaker power, Chinas dependence on the favour of its neighbours has been comparatively high. But increased relative capabilities make i t feasible for a rising great power to exert greater control over its surroundings. If the opportunity arises to establish a dominant role in the region, China can be expected to seize it. Thus the scope of this paper has been restricted to Chinese dominance in the Southeast Asian region, which will pose vexing problems for India . An attempt has been made to analyse, how India can focus and counterbalance the overwhelming Chinese politico ââ¬â economic dominance in the South East Asian. Organisation of Dissertation. The study is proposed to be dealt in the following sequence: Modern History strat influences in South East Asia. Political Economy of South East Asia. Chinese political and economical strategy in South East Asia. Indian political and economical strategy in South East Asia. Comparative Analysis of Indian Chinese politico-economic strategies in SE Asia. Recommended response of India to expand its influence in the region. CHAPTER III MODERN HISTORY AND STRATEGIC INFLUENCES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA The post-Cold War world is seeing in some areas a resurgence of nationalism and in others a greater emphasis on regionalism. These two tendencies will overlap. In Southeast Asia national and ethnic differences were significantly blunted by European colonialism and in some cases have been further submerged in the post-colonial period of new nation states. But what is new in Southeast Asia is the development of voluntary (as distinct from externally mandated) cooperation on a sub-regional or regional level. Most recently there is the assertion of an Asian identity, shared by Southeast Asians, which is sharply distinguished from Western value systems, social norms and economic models. It is too early to say how far that will be taken or how much it will influence the political and social development of Southeast Asia. The very important differences between and indeed even within the Southeast Asian countries induces some skepticism in academic circles about the existence of Asian values [2] etc. But there is no doubt that there is a perception in the region of some essential shared values or priorities, and a rejection of what are seen as Western individualistic and libertarian values. An embryonic sense of shared interests transcending ethnic or national groups emerged in colonial times between independence movements, student movements and other groups, including notably the various Marxist-inspired or communist movements in the region. But until after the Pacific War there was little connection across the region. The colonial empires were very separate and governed on different principles. It is a common observation nowadays that Australia, on the fringe of the region, only recently and belatedly become aware of and involved with its Southeast Asian neighbors. That is true, though with some qualifications. There was peripheral contact in the north even before the Europeans colonized Australia. But in the colonial era there was no steady development of contact or interest. The shifting patterns of alliance politics in Europe affected such contacts as there were between the colonial administrations in Southeast Asia and Australia, and indeed between the Southeast A sian colonial administrations themselves. Australia was not unique, or even unusual, in having little contact with its neighbors and in having its external links directed principally along the lines laid down by the metropolitan power. What are now the independent nations of Southeast Asia also had little contact with each other during the European colonial period. Just as the lines of communication and trade ran from Melbourne and Sydney to London, so did those between the French, Dutch, and other British colonies and the respective metropolitan powers in Europe. Right up to the Pacific War there was little or no communication between, for example, what are now Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The links ran from Manila to the United States, from Batavia to the Netherlands, from Hanoi to France, and so on. It was the remarkable Japanese campaign which began at the end of 1941 which precipitated or accelerated the radical changes which took place between 1945 and the end of the Vietnam war. The sheer speed and success of the Japanese successes against numerically superior defending forces in Southeast Asia made a strong impression on opinion in the erstwhile colonies. The Japanese failed to capitalize on that in the sense that after early political successes in encouraging nationalist and pro-Japanese movements the appeal to shared Asian interests lost plausibility in the face of Japanese policies and actions which were exploitative or worse. Although Japan lost the war and left wounds in the region which are still not healed, the war precipitated the end of the moribund European colonial era, and accelerated the creation of independent states largely within borders established by the colonial empires. For some years trade and other economic links remained predominantly in the old colon ial grooves but with the economic supremacy of the United States and then with Japan embarked on decades of the highest rates of economic growth the world had yet seen, those patterns diversified. In the region the United States and Japan became the two most important outside powers and that was reflected inter alia by their leading roles in the setting up of the Asian Development Bank in 1966. By that time Australia[3] too had perforce diversified its trade away from Britain which had made it clear that it would seek its future economic arrangements in Europe and the Commonwealth arrangements which had supported much of Australias traditional export industry were phased out. Australia turned to Japan and others for new markets (a trade agreement with Japan had already been made in 1957). Australias development assistance programme had from the beginning concentrated on Southeast Asia and become and increasingly important instrument for involving this country with the region, especially as significant numbers of students from the region came to our universities and other institutions under the Colombo Plan and successor programmes.The failure of the attempted coup in Indonesia, the Gestapu of 30 September 1965, and the subsequent establishment of the New Order government there opened the way to overcome the regional or sub-regional strains produced by President Sukarnos eff orts to crush the newly-constructed Malaysia, as well as other tensions created or exacerbated by the Sukarno policies. In this climate ASEAN, the Association of South East Asian Nations, was established in 1967 and set out on its long and successful course of gradually building a sense of common interest and regional association among the six (originally five) members. ASEAN recently embarked on the development of AFTA, the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement. ASEAN has become the key institution in Southeast Asia not only because of its success in developing a sense of community among its very disparate members, and in finding a road for them to closer economic cooperation. It has also become the forum for discussion with the main world powers on a wide range of matters. This has come about through an annual mechanism of post-Ministerial consultations held after ASEANs own internal consultations through which ASEAN member governments, at Foreign Minister level, meet with their counterparts. These counterparts, termed dialogue partners, currently are Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand and the United States. In 1994 discussions on regional security were further developed with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) which groups ASEAN and its dialogue partners with Russia, China, Vietnam, Laos and Papua New Guinea. Looking at the recent evolution of Southeast Asia perhaps the most sig nificant thing has been the change that has occurred since the ending of the Cold War and the collapse of communism. Until relatively recently the centrally planned economy model had much attraction for many developing countries and there was up to the beginning of the eighties quite widespread aversion to capitalism and to the liberal market model as exemplified by the Western industrialized countries. Now virtually all of Southeast Asia is committed to market economics, albeit with more governmental political control than in the Western countries. There is a virtual unanimity about the commitment to economic development based on relatively open markets, private ownership and competition. With that has come a period of unprecedented economic growth. The major economies of Southeast Asia are all growing at rates previously thought unattainable for a sustained period. There are of course some uncertainties about the future; but there are few who doubt that Southeast Asia will early i n the twenty-first century be a major centre of economic power and influence. Southeast Asia has traditionally been a site of great power competition for regional dominance, due to its strategic location as a bridge between continental and maritime East Asia. To manage this competition and to enhance their own sub regional autonomy, the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) engaged in a number of regional institution building initiatives during the early 1990s. This institutionalism agenda led to speculation that ASEAN could become the hub of a nascent regional security community following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, however, the prospect that ASEAN could act as an autonomous entity to mitigate Sino-U.S. geopolitical pressures seemed increasingly tenuous. Weakened by political and economic instability, intra-regional disputes and a simultaneous expansion of its membership, ASEAN has come to question its own identity. This has only further undermined ASEAN-led regional security initiatives such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF ). More frequently, Southeast Asian states have favored bilateralism and have looked to external powers to realize their security interests. These changing sub regional dynamics have, in turn, prompted renewed efforts by China and the United States to cultivate influence within Southeast Asia. Chinas attempts to gain support for its new security concept and US efforts to secure additional access and infrastructure agreements along the East Asian littoral are illustrative. To some extent, Sino-U.S. geopolitical competition has been modified by strategic cooperation resulting from the war on terror. China still remains wary of U.S. attempts to engage Southeast Asia in countering global terrorism. These trends have, in turn, compelled analysts to reconceptualize the Southeast Asian security landscape in a balance of power context. It is clear continental Southeast Asian states have aligned with China and maritime Southeast Asian states have aligned with the United States. The geographi c position of China and the United States, and the evolution of their interests and military capabilities accordingly, make it unlikely that either country would seek to project power into the others respective sphere. Southeast Asian states maintain a position of equidistance between the great powers. She attributes this to the ASEAN states general distrust of great powers and their desire to maintain the delicate Sino-U.S. regional balance. CHAPTER IV POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SOUTH EAST ASIA China sleeps, when she wakes, the World will tremble Napoleon The South east Asian countries over the past four decades has transformed itself from a region with enormous economic and political problems to one blessed with relative peace and prosperity. In particular the five ASEAN economies, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand , grew strongly in the 1960s with an average rate of 6 percent. This buoyant economic performance continued in the 1970s with 7.3 percent as they benefited from the massive inflows of the foreign exchange earnings due to sharp increase in the world price of primary commodities, including two oil shocks which benefited some of the members the same period. In the 1980s the region slowed down to an average growth rate of 6.1 percent. Regional economies experienced recessionary conditions due to high interest rate policy of the US Federal Reserve Bank, the consequent debt crisis in the region, the recession in the ASEANs major trading and investment partners, and the fall in the world prices of the primary commodities. But there was also a positive trend of influx of export- oriented foreign direct investment from Japan and the NIEs following the strong appreciation of their currencies. The recovery from 1991 to 1996 was followed by an economic contraction in 1997-98 due to the crisis which began in Thailand in July 1997 and spread to other parts of the region. In 1999-2000, the ASEAN economies staged a dramatic recovery with Singapore and Malaysia leading, things again turned sour with the September 11 attacks and the lackluster performance of the export sector. There was again a decrease in the economic growth due to the SARS, Iraq cri sis and terrorist related attacks, slump in the electronic market and collapse of the WTO talks in Cancun. The global economy is most rapid in emerging Asia where GDP accelerated to 7.2 percent in 2003, accounting for about 50 per cent of world growth. Looking forward, growth is projected to remain high at 7.4 per cent in 2004 and 7.0 per cent in 2005. The IMF stated that while domestic demand growth has increased significantly in emerging Asia, the regional current account surpluses remain very large, with exports supported by the rebound in the information technology (IT) sector as well as depreciating exchange rates. In the ASEAN-4, Thailand has shown the strongest expansion at 6.7 per cent in 2003, and is expected to remain high at 7 per cent in 2004 and 6.7 per cent in 2005. Cyclical considerations and high levels of public debt necessitate fiscal prudence for Thai authorities. The Malaysian economy is also recovering strongly and is expected to continue with inflation and unemployment remaining at low levels. However, the main policy priorities are the implementation of the announced fiscal consolidation to achieve a balanced budget by the year 2006 and greater exchange rate flexibility accompanied with suitable macroeconomic policies. Indonesias modest growth continues to be driven by private consumption, and has been accompanied with lower inflation. The Indonesian government should continue to implement its planned fiscal consolidation. Moreover, it needs to sustain banking, legal and judicial reforms in order to provide a better investment climate conducive to higher growth. As for the Philippines, uncertainties remain high even after the May 2, 2004 presidential elections. The main concerns of the Philippine government include increasing the tax revenues, restructuring the power sector, strengthening the banking sector, and improving the business system. Following the SARS crisis, the Singapore economy recovered in 2003 with supportive macroeconomic policies. To enhance its medium-term competitiveness and growth prospects, the IMF recommends a deepening and acceleration of reforms including further divestment of government à linked companies Issues and Challenges for Southeast Asian/ASEAN Domestic policy issues and challenges. On the domestic front, the growth prospects for ASEAN are very much dependent on various factors including the ability of their respective governments to provide economic, political and social stability, implement economic reforms, and diversify their economies. ASEAN policy makers thus face the following challenges: Sound macroeconomic environment. Following the 1997/98 economic crisis, government budget deficits relative to GDP have broadly increased and this is of serious concern for ASEAN governments, particularly for Malaysia and the Philippines. Price instability has become a serious concern for Indonesia and the Philippines. Exchange rates in Indonesia, Laos, the Philippines and Myanmar have weakened significantly. Moreover, the rising levels of foreign debt in the Philippines and Indonesia could create additional uncertainties. In terms of the current account surplus as a proportion of GDP, the six older ASEAN members have broadly shown higher levels relative to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV countries). Thus, in order to achieve a sound macroeconomic environment, ASEAN economies need to adopt a prudent fiscal policy, low inflation rates, stable exchange rates, and manageable levels of external debt and current account balance. Stable political and business environment. The political environment in some countries has been affected by military uprisings, kidnappings, bombings and other terrorist-related activities, peoples demonstrations, and elections. A 1997 survey of Japanese firms conducted by JETRO indicated that political stability is considered as the most significant determinant of Japanese investments in ASEAN. Thus Southeast Asian governments need to find ways and means towards achieving and maintaining a politically stable environment in order to encourage domestic and foreign investments. Social Harmony. ASEAN countries need to address issues such as conflicts between racial groups (e.g. the Chinese and pribumis in Indonesia, and the Chinese and bumiputras in Malaysia), between religious groups (e.g. the Muslims and Christians in Southern Philippines) and between the poor and rich. Despite all the policies and resources spent on alleviating poverty and reducing income inequality, unemployment, poverty and income inequality continue to be the major policy concerns of ASEAN governments. In reality, it is very difficult to reduce poverty and narrow the income gap given the interplay of politics, economics and industry, and the conflicting goals of the various interest groups in the economy like businesses, religious groups, the elite, farmers, small and medium entrepreneurs, etc. Thailands income gap between the rich and the poor was the widest in the world (Bangkok Post, 2S Aug 2003). In the Philippines, Gerard Clark and Marites Sison (2003) in their study titled liDo t he well-off really care about the plight of the poor? revealed that majority of the respondents suggested that some elite people cared while others did not; and those who did care did too little or acted primarily out of self-interest. In fact, there are some people in the superior group like the elite who wish the poor to remain poor because of the benefits that can be derived from their poverty. For instance, politicians often depend on the poor at elections time for support that propels them to political office. Economic Reforms. Southeast Asian governments need to continue implementing economic reforms that include market opening, trade, investment and financial liberalization. These reforms are particularly crucial for the CLMV countries as they undergo transition from centrally planned to market à oriented economies and for the crisis-hit countries especially Indonesia and Thailand. In the case of Indonesia, there was a lack of seriousness on the part of the political leadership to undertake economic reforms. For example, there were delays in the removal of tariff control and the privatization of state assets and enterprises, so that the process of reforms is reverting to protectionism. Furthermore, a delay in the IMFs financial assistance added to the ineffectiveness of Indonesias recovery programme. Thailand completed its 34-month Stand-By Arrangement from the IMF that formed part of an international financial package worth US$17.2 billion from multilateral and bilateral lenders. Outs tanding obligations at end-June 2002 amounted to US$6.4 billion and repayment was finally completed on July 31,2003, some two years ahead of schedule a significant achievement on the part of the Thai government. Economic Diversion. Various factors impel ASEAN economies to continue to diversify their economies: volatile and broadly declining primary commodity prices, depletion of non-renewable primary resources such as oil and gas, and the high costs of production. Following the decline in crude oil prices in the 1980s, Brunei and Indonesia have begun to diversify their economies from oil towards non-oil products and services (finance, tourism). Because of the high costs of production (e.g. high labour costs), Singapores economy has emphasised the significant contribution of the services sector (IT, education, tourism, finance). The services sector has accounted for about 60-70 per cent of Singapores GDP. Moreover, to improve the competitiveness of Singapores manufactured products and services, several cost-cutting measures have been implemented, namely, cuts in contribution rates for mandatory saving, reduction in corporate taxes, and reduction in utility charges. Long-run policies include t raining and re-training programmes for workers and greater focus on RD activities for innovations and improvement in technology. In Singapore, there are more than 600,000 workers with secondary education or lower. As such, it is extremely important that these workers upgrade their skills and learn new tasks to be more productive and to be more employable in the future. There are also other schemes such as the job re-design programmes implemented by the Singapore Productivity and Standards Board which involves changing both job content and arrangement to encourage workers to become more productive. Other ASEAN countries can learn from Singapores experiences with regard to cost-cutting measures, training and re-training programmes, and RD activities to improve productivity and competitiveness. Multi-Ethnic States. Multi-ethnicity is a dominant feature of the region and therefore stable inter-state ties and intra-state ethnic stability are closely intertwined. The region has to work toward the stability and security of strong, secular, federal multi- ethnic states if it is to remain secure and stable in the coming years. The Challenge of Democratisaton. The other key political challenge that confronts South East Asian nations is how to build stable, democratic state structures in condition of a rising tide of expectations for better life and greater liberty. Through much of Asia, the struggle between pressures for democratization against existing authoritarian state structures or oppressive socio-political conditions is a reality. Human rights abuses are common in many of the states. In Myanmar and Indonesia there is a rising pressure for political change and expansion of political rights. Militancy, insurgency and terrorism have wracked many parts of ASEAN region in the past and continue to do so even now. Only through steady democratization, decentralization and provision of caring and efficient governance can the integrity of state structures and stability be preserved. CHAPTER V Chinese political and economical strategy in South East Asia. China perceives itself as a central power on Earth. The rest of the World is an array of greater and lesser powers which neither have unified structure nor a single head Macnall Mark[4] Chinas political and economic strategy are interlinked with the security relation that China shares with the Southeast Asia as a region. China embraced the Southeast Asian regionalism and of multilateralism with Southeast Asia is part of broader decision to jettison Chinas old confrontational policy and style. Chinese leaders officials turned this approach to South east Asia on its head replacing the assertiveness that characterized pre 1997 Chinese policy with accommodation. This concerted campaign assuaged South east Asian fears but also paved the way for South east Asian and Chinese to participate in and profit from this rapidly expanding economic ties. Chinese leaders and officials smoothly employed diplomacy in innumerable meeting with South east Asian counterparts to slowly and carefully win greater influence in south east Asia. The Chinese foreign policy community made a concerted effort to represent Chinas reemergence as a regional power. It portrayed recent trends as aligne d with the economic and security interests of its southern neighbors. China convinced the neighbors that it is not a threat. China employed the same set of instruments of Chinese national security policy at both multilateral level with ASEAN and bilateral level with individual ASEAN states albeit with differing effects in the countries concerned depending on their individual circumstances. It places contentious issues temporarily to the side, places processes before product and welcomes efforts to build EAST ASIAN community. Beijing binds the South East Asean countries with a spectrum of economic, political and cultural and security proposals. As Beijing courted its southern neighbors, it supplemented diplomacy with economic ties in terms of trade and economic investment. China opened China to overseas ethnic Chinese and invited ethnic Chinese Southeast Asians to invest in China and subsequently invited Southeast Asians. Rapid increases in the Southeast Asian- China trade led to ove rcome the financial crisis. Chinas economic success has been as impressive as its diplomatic campaign, because china and Southeast Asian countries have been competitors both FDI and for developed markets in Japan,Europe and the United States. Beijing has worked assiduously tp provide Southeast Asian economies with a stake in Chinas economic expansion thus stabilizing Chinas periphery and contributing to Chinas own economic growth. Chinas turn to multilateralism diplomacy was to compliment its intense bilateral diplomacy was timely. ASEAN grew during the 1990 and accommodated new countries and also in the due course of time it had not been able to respond to the financial crisis and also the turmoil in East Timor. Chinas help to ASEAN gave a new appearance to ASEAN. Multilateral diplomacy provided a two way street for ASEAN countries and China and provided measures to forge new bonds. ASEAN also History and Influences on South East Asia History and Influences on South East Asia CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION If there were only two men in the world, how would they get on? They would help one another, harm one another, flatter one another, slander one another, fight one another, make it up, they could neither live together nor do without one another Philosophical Dictionary, 1764 Increasing role of China in South Asia has attracted the attention of the policy framers as well as scholars. Its foreign policy towards Southeast Asia has varied from indifference to hostility, but Chinese interest in the region has persisted since 1949. While India occupies a vital position in the Chinese calculation, there are discernible variations in Chinese policy towards other states in the region. The behaviour of Southeast Asian states towards China has also varied. Notwithstanding the persistence of the Indian factor in their perceptions, we observe different response to Chinese behaviour and policy in these states. Chinese foreign policy is undergoing a metamorphosis never seen in the history of the Peoples Republic (PRC). The country has enjoyed a more secure place in the world than before, yet it has remained dissatisfied with its international status. Chinas quest for international legitimacy and a positive image is tested by its pursuit of security interests and the power politics logic of its own and other states. Chinese foreign policy strategy has equally stressed the need to protect its national interest in a threatening world and the struggle to remold the international environment in line with its preferences. Clearly PRC foreign policy is complicated, dynamic, and consequential. China has managed to become a rising star in the international arena, both politically and economically. The bipolar world order lasting for nearly half a century came eventually to an abrupt end in the closing months of the 1980s as a result of dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the so-called post cold w ar era began in the final decade of this century. China has some motivations in the Southeast Asia one of these is China is in pursuit of hegemony[1] in the region, another possibility is primarily defensive an attempt to neutralize the region while China focuses on internal priorities and the third possibility is to have a cooperative structure. India is seeking an expanded role in the international Geo-political arena which includes Asia and Southeast Asia. Indias growing economy ,common energy security interests, national interest, and power projection makes India China a Peer competitor. Beijings current goal in southeast Asia is to maintain a stable environment around its periphery to assure others that China is not threat, and to encourage economic ties that contribute to Chinas economic modernization and thus regime stability. The foreign policy instruments that Beijing has employed to secure its goals are constituent throughout most of Southeast Asia, but the priorities assigned to different strategic goals vary depending on Chinas interest in different part of the region. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM To examine the current politico-economic influences in South east Asia and recommend measures for India to significantly expand its politico-economic strategic influence in the South East Asian region with a view to counterbalance the overwhelming Chinese politico ââ¬â economic dominance in the South East Asian Region.. Justification of the Study The most significant strategic development after the Cold War, is probably the sudden growth in Chinas economic potential and consequent national power. A rapid rise in power of a major country in the past has usually led to tension in the region, conflict with the neighbours and eventually a war. To make an assessment of Chinas posture well into the future is fraught with number of uncertainties. Equally, a projection of that role in the next century would, of necessity, demand an intimate acquaintance with how the Chinese have been involved in their dealings with this part of the world in the past. Above all, how that relationship has evolved, to the present day environment. Idea shall be to restrict the paper and sketch out important events in the near past, which have shaped the present and loom larger than the hoary past on the future that is yet in the limbo. The basic intention in writing this dissertation is To examine the current politico-economic influences in South east As ia and recommend measures for India to significantly expand its politico-economic strategic influence in the South East Asian region with a view to counterbalance the overwhelming Chinese politico ââ¬â economic dominance in the South East Asian . A direct question has been addressed whether or not China restricts India from emerging as a global player. Scope Axiomatically any meaningful discussion of Chinas role in Southeast Asia would imply an understanding of its relations with the Indian subcontinent as a whole. Of the worlds great powers, China is geographically the closest to the Southeast Asian countries. It has common borders with Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Caombodia. There is significant cultural similarities far reaching political and strategic repercussions over the past couple of centuries, and has propelled the worlds most populous regions into interaction in a wide variety of ways. From a simple geographical perspective, qualitative changes in the Chinas foreign policy should be expected if China grows from a medium-sized power to superpower. At its present rate of economic growth, Chinas productive capabilities and total wealth will soon outstrip those of the other Asian powers. As a weaker power, Chinas dependence on the favour of its neighbours has been comparatively high. But increased relative capabilities make i t feasible for a rising great power to exert greater control over its surroundings. If the opportunity arises to establish a dominant role in the region, China can be expected to seize it. Thus the scope of this paper has been restricted to Chinese dominance in the Southeast Asian region, which will pose vexing problems for India . An attempt has been made to analyse, how India can focus and counterbalance the overwhelming Chinese politico ââ¬â economic dominance in the South East Asian. Organisation of Dissertation. The study is proposed to be dealt in the following sequence: Modern History strat influences in South East Asia. Political Economy of South East Asia. Chinese political and economical strategy in South East Asia. Indian political and economical strategy in South East Asia. Comparative Analysis of Indian Chinese politico-economic strategies in SE Asia. Recommended response of India to expand its influence in the region. CHAPTER III MODERN HISTORY AND STRATEGIC INFLUENCES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA The post-Cold War world is seeing in some areas a resurgence of nationalism and in others a greater emphasis on regionalism. These two tendencies will overlap. In Southeast Asia national and ethnic differences were significantly blunted by European colonialism and in some cases have been further submerged in the post-colonial period of new nation states. But what is new in Southeast Asia is the development of voluntary (as distinct from externally mandated) cooperation on a sub-regional or regional level. Most recently there is the assertion of an Asian identity, shared by Southeast Asians, which is sharply distinguished from Western value systems, social norms and economic models. It is too early to say how far that will be taken or how much it will influence the political and social development of Southeast Asia. The very important differences between and indeed even within the Southeast Asian countries induces some skepticism in academic circles about the existence of Asian values [2] etc. But there is no doubt that there is a perception in the region of some essential shared values or priorities, and a rejection of what are seen as Western individualistic and libertarian values. An embryonic sense of shared interests transcending ethnic or national groups emerged in colonial times between independence movements, student movements and other groups, including notably the various Marxist-inspired or communist movements in the region. But until after the Pacific War there was little connection across the region. The colonial empires were very separate and governed on different principles. It is a common observation nowadays that Australia, on the fringe of the region, only recently and belatedly become aware of and involved with its Southeast Asian neighbors. That is true, though with some qualifications. There was peripheral contact in the north even before the Europeans colonized Australia. But in the colonial era there was no steady development of contact or interest. The shifting patterns of alliance politics in Europe affected such contacts as there were between the colonial administrations in Southeast Asia and Australia, and indeed between the Southeast A sian colonial administrations themselves. Australia was not unique, or even unusual, in having little contact with its neighbors and in having its external links directed principally along the lines laid down by the metropolitan power. What are now the independent nations of Southeast Asia also had little contact with each other during the European colonial period. Just as the lines of communication and trade ran from Melbourne and Sydney to London, so did those between the French, Dutch, and other British colonies and the respective metropolitan powers in Europe. Right up to the Pacific War there was little or no communication between, for example, what are now Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The links ran from Manila to the United States, from Batavia to the Netherlands, from Hanoi to France, and so on. It was the remarkable Japanese campaign which began at the end of 1941 which precipitated or accelerated the radical changes which took place between 1945 and the end of the Vietnam war. The sheer speed and success of the Japanese successes against numerically superior defending forces in Southeast Asia made a strong impression on opinion in the erstwhile colonies. The Japanese failed to capitalize on that in the sense that after early political successes in encouraging nationalist and pro-Japanese movements the appeal to shared Asian interests lost plausibility in the face of Japanese policies and actions which were exploitative or worse. Although Japan lost the war and left wounds in the region which are still not healed, the war precipitated the end of the moribund European colonial era, and accelerated the creation of independent states largely within borders established by the colonial empires. For some years trade and other economic links remained predominantly in the old colon ial grooves but with the economic supremacy of the United States and then with Japan embarked on decades of the highest rates of economic growth the world had yet seen, those patterns diversified. In the region the United States and Japan became the two most important outside powers and that was reflected inter alia by their leading roles in the setting up of the Asian Development Bank in 1966. By that time Australia[3] too had perforce diversified its trade away from Britain which had made it clear that it would seek its future economic arrangements in Europe and the Commonwealth arrangements which had supported much of Australias traditional export industry were phased out. Australia turned to Japan and others for new markets (a trade agreement with Japan had already been made in 1957). Australias development assistance programme had from the beginning concentrated on Southeast Asia and become and increasingly important instrument for involving this country with the region, especially as significant numbers of students from the region came to our universities and other institutions under the Colombo Plan and successor programmes.The failure of the attempted coup in Indonesia, the Gestapu of 30 September 1965, and the subsequent establishment of the New Order government there opened the way to overcome the regional or sub-regional strains produced by President Sukarnos eff orts to crush the newly-constructed Malaysia, as well as other tensions created or exacerbated by the Sukarno policies. In this climate ASEAN, the Association of South East Asian Nations, was established in 1967 and set out on its long and successful course of gradually building a sense of common interest and regional association among the six (originally five) members. ASEAN recently embarked on the development of AFTA, the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement. ASEAN has become the key institution in Southeast Asia not only because of its success in developing a sense of community among its very disparate members, and in finding a road for them to closer economic cooperation. It has also become the forum for discussion with the main world powers on a wide range of matters. This has come about through an annual mechanism of post-Ministerial consultations held after ASEANs own internal consultations through which ASEAN member governments, at Foreign Minister level, meet with their counterparts. These counterparts, termed dialogue partners, currently are Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand and the United States. In 1994 discussions on regional security were further developed with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) which groups ASEAN and its dialogue partners with Russia, China, Vietnam, Laos and Papua New Guinea. Looking at the recent evolution of Southeast Asia perhaps the most sig nificant thing has been the change that has occurred since the ending of the Cold War and the collapse of communism. Until relatively recently the centrally planned economy model had much attraction for many developing countries and there was up to the beginning of the eighties quite widespread aversion to capitalism and to the liberal market model as exemplified by the Western industrialized countries. Now virtually all of Southeast Asia is committed to market economics, albeit with more governmental political control than in the Western countries. There is a virtual unanimity about the commitment to economic development based on relatively open markets, private ownership and competition. With that has come a period of unprecedented economic growth. The major economies of Southeast Asia are all growing at rates previously thought unattainable for a sustained period. There are of course some uncertainties about the future; but there are few who doubt that Southeast Asia will early i n the twenty-first century be a major centre of economic power and influence. Southeast Asia has traditionally been a site of great power competition for regional dominance, due to its strategic location as a bridge between continental and maritime East Asia. To manage this competition and to enhance their own sub regional autonomy, the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) engaged in a number of regional institution building initiatives during the early 1990s. This institutionalism agenda led to speculation that ASEAN could become the hub of a nascent regional security community following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, however, the prospect that ASEAN could act as an autonomous entity to mitigate Sino-U.S. geopolitical pressures seemed increasingly tenuous. Weakened by political and economic instability, intra-regional disputes and a simultaneous expansion of its membership, ASEAN has come to question its own identity. This has only further undermined ASEAN-led regional security initiatives such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF ). More frequently, Southeast Asian states have favored bilateralism and have looked to external powers to realize their security interests. These changing sub regional dynamics have, in turn, prompted renewed efforts by China and the United States to cultivate influence within Southeast Asia. Chinas attempts to gain support for its new security concept and US efforts to secure additional access and infrastructure agreements along the East Asian littoral are illustrative. To some extent, Sino-U.S. geopolitical competition has been modified by strategic cooperation resulting from the war on terror. China still remains wary of U.S. attempts to engage Southeast Asia in countering global terrorism. These trends have, in turn, compelled analysts to reconceptualize the Southeast Asian security landscape in a balance of power context. It is clear continental Southeast Asian states have aligned with China and maritime Southeast Asian states have aligned with the United States. The geographi c position of China and the United States, and the evolution of their interests and military capabilities accordingly, make it unlikely that either country would seek to project power into the others respective sphere. Southeast Asian states maintain a position of equidistance between the great powers. She attributes this to the ASEAN states general distrust of great powers and their desire to maintain the delicate Sino-U.S. regional balance. CHAPTER IV POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SOUTH EAST ASIA China sleeps, when she wakes, the World will tremble Napoleon The South east Asian countries over the past four decades has transformed itself from a region with enormous economic and political problems to one blessed with relative peace and prosperity. In particular the five ASEAN economies, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand , grew strongly in the 1960s with an average rate of 6 percent. This buoyant economic performance continued in the 1970s with 7.3 percent as they benefited from the massive inflows of the foreign exchange earnings due to sharp increase in the world price of primary commodities, including two oil shocks which benefited some of the members the same period. In the 1980s the region slowed down to an average growth rate of 6.1 percent. Regional economies experienced recessionary conditions due to high interest rate policy of the US Federal Reserve Bank, the consequent debt crisis in the region, the recession in the ASEANs major trading and investment partners, and the fall in the world prices of the primary commodities. But there was also a positive trend of influx of export- oriented foreign direct investment from Japan and the NIEs following the strong appreciation of their currencies. The recovery from 1991 to 1996 was followed by an economic contraction in 1997-98 due to the crisis which began in Thailand in July 1997 and spread to other parts of the region. In 1999-2000, the ASEAN economies staged a dramatic recovery with Singapore and Malaysia leading, things again turned sour with the September 11 attacks and the lackluster performance of the export sector. There was again a decrease in the economic growth due to the SARS, Iraq cri sis and terrorist related attacks, slump in the electronic market and collapse of the WTO talks in Cancun. The global economy is most rapid in emerging Asia where GDP accelerated to 7.2 percent in 2003, accounting for about 50 per cent of world growth. Looking forward, growth is projected to remain high at 7.4 per cent in 2004 and 7.0 per cent in 2005. The IMF stated that while domestic demand growth has increased significantly in emerging Asia, the regional current account surpluses remain very large, with exports supported by the rebound in the information technology (IT) sector as well as depreciating exchange rates. In the ASEAN-4, Thailand has shown the strongest expansion at 6.7 per cent in 2003, and is expected to remain high at 7 per cent in 2004 and 6.7 per cent in 2005. Cyclical considerations and high levels of public debt necessitate fiscal prudence for Thai authorities. The Malaysian economy is also recovering strongly and is expected to continue with inflation and unemployment remaining at low levels. However, the main policy priorities are the implementation of the announced fiscal consolidation to achieve a balanced budget by the year 2006 and greater exchange rate flexibility accompanied with suitable macroeconomic policies. Indonesias modest growth continues to be driven by private consumption, and has been accompanied with lower inflation. The Indonesian government should continue to implement its planned fiscal consolidation. Moreover, it needs to sustain banking, legal and judicial reforms in order to provide a better investment climate conducive to higher growth. As for the Philippines, uncertainties remain high even after the May 2, 2004 presidential elections. The main concerns of the Philippine government include increasing the tax revenues, restructuring the power sector, strengthening the banking sector, and improving the business system. Following the SARS crisis, the Singapore economy recovered in 2003 with supportive macroeconomic policies. To enhance its medium-term competitiveness and growth prospects, the IMF recommends a deepening and acceleration of reforms including further divestment of government à linked companies Issues and Challenges for Southeast Asian/ASEAN Domestic policy issues and challenges. On the domestic front, the growth prospects for ASEAN are very much dependent on various factors including the ability of their respective governments to provide economic, political and social stability, implement economic reforms, and diversify their economies. ASEAN policy makers thus face the following challenges: Sound macroeconomic environment. Following the 1997/98 economic crisis, government budget deficits relative to GDP have broadly increased and this is of serious concern for ASEAN governments, particularly for Malaysia and the Philippines. Price instability has become a serious concern for Indonesia and the Philippines. Exchange rates in Indonesia, Laos, the Philippines and Myanmar have weakened significantly. Moreover, the rising levels of foreign debt in the Philippines and Indonesia could create additional uncertainties. In terms of the current account surplus as a proportion of GDP, the six older ASEAN members have broadly shown higher levels relative to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV countries). Thus, in order to achieve a sound macroeconomic environment, ASEAN economies need to adopt a prudent fiscal policy, low inflation rates, stable exchange rates, and manageable levels of external debt and current account balance. Stable political and business environment. The political environment in some countries has been affected by military uprisings, kidnappings, bombings and other terrorist-related activities, peoples demonstrations, and elections. A 1997 survey of Japanese firms conducted by JETRO indicated that political stability is considered as the most significant determinant of Japanese investments in ASEAN. Thus Southeast Asian governments need to find ways and means towards achieving and maintaining a politically stable environment in order to encourage domestic and foreign investments. Social Harmony. ASEAN countries need to address issues such as conflicts between racial groups (e.g. the Chinese and pribumis in Indonesia, and the Chinese and bumiputras in Malaysia), between religious groups (e.g. the Muslims and Christians in Southern Philippines) and between the poor and rich. Despite all the policies and resources spent on alleviating poverty and reducing income inequality, unemployment, poverty and income inequality continue to be the major policy concerns of ASEAN governments. In reality, it is very difficult to reduce poverty and narrow the income gap given the interplay of politics, economics and industry, and the conflicting goals of the various interest groups in the economy like businesses, religious groups, the elite, farmers, small and medium entrepreneurs, etc. Thailands income gap between the rich and the poor was the widest in the world (Bangkok Post, 2S Aug 2003). In the Philippines, Gerard Clark and Marites Sison (2003) in their study titled liDo t he well-off really care about the plight of the poor? revealed that majority of the respondents suggested that some elite people cared while others did not; and those who did care did too little or acted primarily out of self-interest. In fact, there are some people in the superior group like the elite who wish the poor to remain poor because of the benefits that can be derived from their poverty. For instance, politicians often depend on the poor at elections time for support that propels them to political office. Economic Reforms. Southeast Asian governments need to continue implementing economic reforms that include market opening, trade, investment and financial liberalization. These reforms are particularly crucial for the CLMV countries as they undergo transition from centrally planned to market à oriented economies and for the crisis-hit countries especially Indonesia and Thailand. In the case of Indonesia, there was a lack of seriousness on the part of the political leadership to undertake economic reforms. For example, there were delays in the removal of tariff control and the privatization of state assets and enterprises, so that the process of reforms is reverting to protectionism. Furthermore, a delay in the IMFs financial assistance added to the ineffectiveness of Indonesias recovery programme. Thailand completed its 34-month Stand-By Arrangement from the IMF that formed part of an international financial package worth US$17.2 billion from multilateral and bilateral lenders. Outs tanding obligations at end-June 2002 amounted to US$6.4 billion and repayment was finally completed on July 31,2003, some two years ahead of schedule a significant achievement on the part of the Thai government. Economic Diversion. Various factors impel ASEAN economies to continue to diversify their economies: volatile and broadly declining primary commodity prices, depletion of non-renewable primary resources such as oil and gas, and the high costs of production. Following the decline in crude oil prices in the 1980s, Brunei and Indonesia have begun to diversify their economies from oil towards non-oil products and services (finance, tourism). Because of the high costs of production (e.g. high labour costs), Singapores economy has emphasised the significant contribution of the services sector (IT, education, tourism, finance). The services sector has accounted for about 60-70 per cent of Singapores GDP. Moreover, to improve the competitiveness of Singapores manufactured products and services, several cost-cutting measures have been implemented, namely, cuts in contribution rates for mandatory saving, reduction in corporate taxes, and reduction in utility charges. Long-run policies include t raining and re-training programmes for workers and greater focus on RD activities for innovations and improvement in technology. In Singapore, there are more than 600,000 workers with secondary education or lower. As such, it is extremely important that these workers upgrade their skills and learn new tasks to be more productive and to be more employable in the future. There are also other schemes such as the job re-design programmes implemented by the Singapore Productivity and Standards Board which involves changing both job content and arrangement to encourage workers to become more productive. Other ASEAN countries can learn from Singapores experiences with regard to cost-cutting measures, training and re-training programmes, and RD activities to improve productivity and competitiveness. Multi-Ethnic States. Multi-ethnicity is a dominant feature of the region and therefore stable inter-state ties and intra-state ethnic stability are closely intertwined. The region has to work toward the stability and security of strong, secular, federal multi- ethnic states if it is to remain secure and stable in the coming years. The Challenge of Democratisaton. The other key political challenge that confronts South East Asian nations is how to build stable, democratic state structures in condition of a rising tide of expectations for better life and greater liberty. Through much of Asia, the struggle between pressures for democratization against existing authoritarian state structures or oppressive socio-political conditions is a reality. Human rights abuses are common in many of the states. In Myanmar and Indonesia there is a rising pressure for political change and expansion of political rights. Militancy, insurgency and terrorism have wracked many parts of ASEAN region in the past and continue to do so even now. Only through steady democratization, decentralization and provision of caring and efficient governance can the integrity of state structures and stability be preserved. CHAPTER V Chinese political and economical strategy in South East Asia. China perceives itself as a central power on Earth. The rest of the World is an array of greater and lesser powers which neither have unified structure nor a single head Macnall Mark[4] Chinas political and economic strategy are interlinked with the security relation that China shares with the Southeast Asia as a region. China embraced the Southeast Asian regionalism and of multilateralism with Southeast Asia is part of broader decision to jettison Chinas old confrontational policy and style. Chinese leaders officials turned this approach to South east Asia on its head replacing the assertiveness that characterized pre 1997 Chinese policy with accommodation. This concerted campaign assuaged South east Asian fears but also paved the way for South east Asian and Chinese to participate in and profit from this rapidly expanding economic ties. Chinese leaders and officials smoothly employed diplomacy in innumerable meeting with South east Asian counterparts to slowly and carefully win greater influence in south east Asia. The Chinese foreign policy community made a concerted effort to represent Chinas reemergence as a regional power. It portrayed recent trends as aligne d with the economic and security interests of its southern neighbors. China convinced the neighbors that it is not a threat. China employed the same set of instruments of Chinese national security policy at both multilateral level with ASEAN and bilateral level with individual ASEAN states albeit with differing effects in the countries concerned depending on their individual circumstances. It places contentious issues temporarily to the side, places processes before product and welcomes efforts to build EAST ASIAN community. Beijing binds the South East Asean countries with a spectrum of economic, political and cultural and security proposals. As Beijing courted its southern neighbors, it supplemented diplomacy with economic ties in terms of trade and economic investment. China opened China to overseas ethnic Chinese and invited ethnic Chinese Southeast Asians to invest in China and subsequently invited Southeast Asians. Rapid increases in the Southeast Asian- China trade led to ove rcome the financial crisis. Chinas economic success has been as impressive as its diplomatic campaign, because china and Southeast Asian countries have been competitors both FDI and for developed markets in Japan,Europe and the United States. Beijing has worked assiduously tp provide Southeast Asian economies with a stake in Chinas economic expansion thus stabilizing Chinas periphery and contributing to Chinas own economic growth. Chinas turn to multilateralism diplomacy was to compliment its intense bilateral diplomacy was timely. ASEAN grew during the 1990 and accommodated new countries and also in the due course of time it had not been able to respond to the financial crisis and also the turmoil in East Timor. Chinas help to ASEAN gave a new appearance to ASEAN. Multilateral diplomacy provided a two way street for ASEAN countries and China and provided measures to forge new bonds. ASEAN also Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-44521775210448147382020-01-20T03:33:00.001-08:002020-01-20T03:33:03.056-08:00cuban missle crisis: a front row seat for the end of the world :: essays research papers à à à à à A Front Row Seat for the End of the World à à à à à à à à à à During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, I had a front row seat. I was Under Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs and, as a consequence, a member of President John Kennedyââ¬â¢s Executive Committee (ExComm) which dealt with our response. I believe I was the only one permitted to keep notes of the meetings, and have from time to time referred to them over the years. However, my recollections of our debates have been stimulated with the recent release of edited transcripts of the discussions. à à à à à When in midââ¬âOctober reconnaissance photos revealed that the Soviets were building missiles and bomber bases in Cuba, I was not surprised. Since July, there had been an increase in shipping from Soviet ports to Mariel in Cuba. On October 11, the French reported that their diplomats had seen trucks loaded with what appeared to be tarpaulinââ¬â covered missiles lumbering through Havana at night. I thought it probable that these were indeed offensive missiles, despite Soviet pledges that they would never put bases in Cuba and only defensive weapons. My thought at the time was that whatever Moscow was up to in Cuba was somehow connected with the lingering crisis over Berlin which had begun the previous August when the East Germans began to construct a wall sealing off the eastern sector. I believed that Khrushchev, recognizing that the importance of the city to the West made the risk of war high, was lying low on that crisis while creating a new one in Cuba with the intent of trading one off against the other, perhaps gaining leverage for concessions. But there were other reasons that the possibility of missiles in Cuba was not farââ¬âfetched. During the Berlin crisis, most of our contingency planning for military options had been based on estimates of impressive Soviet conventional and nuclear capabilities. For that reason, we had thought the possibility of escalation into a nuclear war was likely, and the Soviets could hit us very hard. However since then, the double agent Penkovskiy had confirmed what our own intelligence had been suggesting: that Soviet nuclear capabilities had been overestimated, and that we held the advantageââ¬âevidently one of the reasons why Moscow was putting intermediate and medium range missiles in Cuba. I viewed the existence of the missiles as a serious threat. They could reach any number of targets in the United States in a short time and, since we had set up no southern early warning system, a surprise attack would put us in a difficult position. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-50826689137871946442020-01-11T23:56:00.001-08:002020-01-11T23:56:04.127-08:00The Development of Route 128 in BostonIn my paper I will show how the development of Route 128 in Boston, Massachusetts started, and how it exists today. Boston has changed throughout the years in its Renewal reform within its planning of the city mainly on route 128 as well as other major routes though out Boston. Boston had many changes made within the neighborhoods, which have, major routes in which effected the people lives as well as their living conditions. In some cases good in others for the worse. It separated and defined districts in which it no longer keeps the city as a whole. Boston is a set of distinctly different districts and neighborhoods, each with it's own defining identity and unique characteristics. Boston as a whole, benefit's from the contributions from each of these areas and it is truly what gives the city it's charm and unique differences. However, it had no other choice but to confront a major problem in which it had to face. Massachusetts lacked an organized framework within it's planning of cities and routes. The correlation between these neighborhoods has been an ongoing problem, which are being resolved. Even though Boston is making the changes which they feel are necessary, there are a few cases that are not being updated or corrected, and in many cases it has gotten worse due to the poor layout or problems that have arisen. On the other hand, Boston has many successful neighborhoods that are successful entities, and also hold a strong sense of self identify. But at the present time, there are areas that are inaccessible. This le! ads to a disordered city that can be more enjoyed and appreciated if it had a stronger structure! The characteristic of Boston as a collection of neighborhoods is due to its increase speed in growth from the days of its settlement in 1630. Unlike the many traditional American cities, which are usually based on an orthogonal grid, Boston never had a long-term strategy towards planning. The Boston area did however grow, modified itself, and evolved in a reactionary way as technological advancements came about which affected society as a whole. The original Shawmut peninsula, which at one point contained all of Boston, now only constitutes a fraction of the landmass of the city. A major portion of the city today exists on landfill claimed from the Boston harbor and Charles River. Expansion and development created the need for more land area. The Back Bay, West End, and much of south Boston are examples of this growth. As these areas were created they added to the existing city but they also had their own distinctiveness, which added to the other surrounding towns as well as Boston on a whole. These new created towns, were and are positive in many ways but they were never really integrated into the existing city central mainframe. This lead to! aking Boston a bit more disorganized. Thus, solving some problems, but creating others. Within the past fifty years the construction of the main central city of Boston in the 1950's and the urban renewal projects beginning in the 1960's inflated this urban problem. The suburbanization of America within its states and related migration of city inhabitants to border towns created a need for expanded automobile transportation in cities throughout the United States. In reaction to this, major routes and highways were constructed to connect suburban life to the cities. This encouraged more people to move out of the city, but not as far away that they couldn't maintain their jobs within the main city. Boston had been changing from its historic and original focus as a port city to a city based on business and finance. The routes and central pathway was intended to assist this growth, and make the downtown more accessible. Boston's West End is one of the most documented neighborhoods destroyed by urban renewal. Around 60% of the families, which were displaced by the urba! n renewal were Hispanic or Blacks. West End was mainly working class Italians. It had narrow streets and had a large amount of social life within it. This situation was viewed as un-American for middle class standards of city planners, which lead it to be demolished around 1959, and was replaced with high rises and expensive apartment buildings. The highway that city planners created lead to growth in and out of the city, and now in the modern era with changes in society, it became a necessity in our modern civilization. The routes circle around Boston (I-128 & I-95) and cut though the city (I-90) like a foreign object. Cutting it's way through Boston, it also broke up the city as a whole, creating boundaries between the cities, the harbor front, north end, and downtown. Boston had created a larger suburb for itself and pulled away from its history of being one of the most highly used water port that have been used for years. What was at one time considered one of the largest ! ports in the country was being abandoned and forgotten about. The mass departure from urban areas throughout the country led to an identity crisis for many urban areas. In response, The Federal Urban Renewal Program was created. Boston was a leader in this movement, and had several projects gain nationwide recognition. The Boston Redevelopment Authority approached the renewal in a way that would ultimately prove detrimental. The B. R. A. designated separate districts for administrative and funding reasons. Each district was dealt with as a separate entity with regards to their individual needs. A good comparison would be Silicon Valley, CA and Route 128, MA, which are considered two of the premiere technological concentrations, not only in the United States, but also in the world. These are regions that since World War II have been devoted to the creation of new information technology. By comparing the two regions I will try to show the different means by which an economic unit can attain success in the information revolution, and point out which strategies are most valuable to long-term success. Many people have attributed the success of the Valley primarily to the influence of nearby institutions of higher education, particularly Stanford University. In the 1920's, administrators at Stanford sought to improve the prestige of their institution by hiring highly respected faculty members from East Coast universities. One important recruit was Fred Terman, an electrical engineer from MIT. Like many of his colleagues, he performed cutting-edge research in electronics. Unlike many other members of the faculty, though, he encouraged his students to sell applications of these new-technologies in the marketplace. By providing funds and equipment, Terman enabled two of his first recruits, David Hewlett and William Packard, to commercialize the audio-oscillator in the late 1930s. After selling their first oscillators to Disney Corporation, they reinvested their earnings and expanded both their products and their range of customers. In 1950, twelve years after its founding, Hewlett-Packard had 200 employees and sold 70 different products with sales over $2 million. It pioneered the formation of a distinctive Silicon Valley management style, treating workers as family members. Numerous workers have sought to duplicate Hewlett-Packard's management style. In 1954, they accepted an offer by Stanford University to rent part of Stanford Research Park for their operations. This brought together various industries in Palo Alto. Many other firms subsequently rented other plots of land to take advantage of proximity to the university. Stanford Research Park, through the efforts of a few influential professors and university administrators, became the nucleus of the budding Silicon Valley. By the 1980s, the entire park had been rented out to area firms. This rapid rise of technology reflects itself in the organization of Silicon Valley. The people who began or were employed in these new firms considered themselves as technological trailblazers. The residents of this technological society were, a strongly homogenous group: white, male, Stanford or MIT educated engineers who migrated to California from other regions of the country. As modern-day pioneers, they were especially responsive to risky ventures that had the potential for great rewards. As people in the region became occupationally mobile, their roles became interchangeable: employers become employees and co-workers can become competitors. The result is that the engineers developed strong loyalties to technology and their fellow engineers and scientists while possessing far less allegiance to a single firm The traditional delineations between employers and employees were not so sharp as on the East Coast, and in some cases they disappeared entirely. Beginning with Hewlett and Packard, many of the Silicon Valley companies sought a much more interactive environment between employers and employees. Decentralization of powers followed. With respect to its industrial emphasis (electronics), the Route 128 region around Boston presents a study in contrast in terms of its historical development, geography, community life, and degree of interconnectivity between firms. Similar to Silicon Valley, the development of electronics-related companies on the 65-mile highway surrounding Boston and Cambridge in the area's major research universities was influenced by academia, industry, and government. The professors and graduate students in the universities devote their energies toward a greater understanding of the world around them. The government, particularly federal agencies such as the Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation, provides the financial support for the academicians to test the hypothesis and perform the experiments. The firms would then produce the physical expressions of these ideas for the marketplace. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, like its counterpart in Palo Alto, has engaged in world class scientific research and has produced some of the best engineers in the country. The Institute has sought to provide the theoretical and practical foundations for its students to make major contributions to society. While doing so, it has engaged in a seemingly endless number of advancements and has tried to reach out to large companies in Massachusetts and outside the state as well as participate in many federal and state-run projects. The Federal government, to a much greater extent in this state than in California, has provided the fuel for the region's expansion. By the late 1990s, Massachusetts was one of the top five states in terms of federal research resources granted. The Department of Defense itself has accounted for over 60% of federal research and development spending in the state. Consequently, the large firms have profited most. In the 1970s and 80s, Raytheon became one of the most important contractors for the Department of Defense; EG&G Inc. has filled several contracts for NASA. Some smaller organizations in this Beltway have been created to solely fill government orders. Organizations ranging from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to the Department of Energy (DOE) provided universities and firms millions of dollars for research. Whole new industries have sprung up from these efforts: computers, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence, among others. The third leg of this technological triangle, complementing the universities and government agencies, is industry itself. By 1990, the state contained over 3,000 high-technology firms. Some companies stand as the pillars of the 128 community: Digital Equipment Corporation, Raytheon, and Lotus Development. These companies produced a disproportionate share of the region's income generation As they grew, so too did the accompanying service firms. The communities in which the high-tech enterprises sprung up, towns such as Burlington, Lexington, and Cambridge have established roots in eastern Massachusetts going back centuries. Companies such as DEC and Lotus Development are in many ways just descendants of other industrial titans that have crowded this area for over 150 years. The structures of Boston society have resulted in relatively stable and conservative hold on certain aspects of its residents' life. Engineers who have worked on both coasts report a much greater divide between work and play on the East Coast. Entrepreneurs such as Ken Olsen at DEC and An Wang at Wang industries who succeeded did not change their lifestyles in any radical way. Olsen, for example, avoided most social gatherings, remained a teetotaler, lived in a small home, and continued to drive an old Ford to work. He and other area CEOs did not live the same high profile lives in Boston that their counterparts did in Silicon Valley. The lack of role models and less developed informal social contacts may have constrained the amount of new companies that were created in the 1970s and 1980s. The defense industry, hiring practices, and the region's geography all conspired to reinforce this traditionalism. The volume of military purchases encouraged corporate separateness. The h! iring of management differs substantially from Silicon Valley. In Massachusetts, older individuals, usually wedded to the status-quo, are often selected for executive positions Managers in Silicon Valley, often in their twenties and thirties, are much more likely to experiment with organization. Geography also plays a role. The firms were more spread out around metropolitan Boston than comparable companies in California, lessening the probability of interaction. Communication between company and town is even less prevalent. Many large companies such as DEC have almost no ties to the towns in which they were located. The hierarchies within companies are extremely rigid. The manager created firms with complex and sophisticated organizational patterns that employed individuals to be loyal first and foremost to the company. In return for the loyalty, employees expected that hard work would enable them to stay employed in the firm and rise through the ranks, culminating in retirement with a large pension. Employers are generally wary of hiring an engineer or programmer who has left another firm after only a few years. At the same time, significant status differences exist. The hierarchy of positions and the means of formal communication within the firm, along with the structure of salaries and benefits, developed strong delineation's within the firm. At DEC, for example, the company centralized many of its prominent functions and a small group of individuals made the decisions, namely Ken Olson (the CEO). The companies attempt to internalize many of their procedures. This vertical integration ! often includes: software design, component, peripheral, and subsystem production, and final assembly. In short, Route 128 firms are much more settled and centralized affairs than the scientists and engineers in northern California. Their histories, attitudes, and strategies have created technological societies similar in products manufactured but very different in their economic and social appearance. With the onset of the computer generation big named companies bought land off of this highway. This lead to an enormous clotting into Route 128, which is considered the edge of Boston (it circles around the main Downtown metropolitan area). Route 128 became a big commodity to the new generation of large computer technology based industries. The highway began to get congested, with the onslaught of new businesses. All these new businesses in turn lead to major traffic jams. Real estate around route 128 increased dramatically, which appealed more to the upper middle class. Large apartment complexes around the area were sequentially created. With the suppression of the new renewals to towns in Boston as well as the downtown city, a lot of opportunities arose to deal with the large amount of issues that had come from linkages between the various neighborhoods within the main city. Each town is being dealt with, but with respect to it's own uniqueness, and it's contribution toward making Boston more unified within. Despite the rapid growth of the towns around route 128, it hit a point where the business industry came to a standstill in the 90's. Things that lead to this sudden halt, was due to the region from northern Rhode Island to southern New Hampshire, which ran out of space for expansional development that maintained and held up the large boom for this hot area.. Existing companies couldn't expand more, which meant less jobs were being offered to the large amounts of people migrating for jobs from these companies. As the companies grew with time, there became higher demand for their products. Another factor to! the standstill in business expansion was due to other large companies which where not based around Route 128 (such as Compaq in Houston, Texas, and Microsoft in Seattle) which made huge profits and revenue. This distant competition drew attention away from the ââ¬Å"hubâ⬠. By the end of the 20th Century, Boston was at maximum capacity and could not lend itself anymore to expansion. Route 128 was one of the first beltways built in America. Its ten-mile radius circles the Boston area in an arc shape. Close by is route I-495 that is goes from Rhode Island and ends closely to the beginning of New Hampshire. Both the belts have many intersections throughout it's span that lead from downtown Boston and into the heart of the states which boarders around. With all the intersections that go through these routes a high capacity of people can access these major belts. This was the reason for the success and decline of ââ¬Å"The Hubâ⬠. The smaller stores and companies such as the food industry, benefited from the large companies due to its high employee population servicing the smaller businesses. With the success of Route 128, some towns have grown out of the heavily used belts like Quincy-Braintree. Since the companies couldn't build anymore on the belt, they moved some of their departments a bit further from the main headquarters, to areas which are easily assessable from many other routes and connectors in the Boston area. This cut down on the flow of drivers into the highly packed corporate beltway area, which alleviated more congestion, and it made everyone a bit less stressed. Going along I-128 towards the west, brings us to the Mass. Pike. This connection is one good reason that I-128 became the ââ¬Å"technology roadâ⬠, because it connected to other states as well as the rest of Boston. Mass Pike is the oldest beltway in the Boston area.. Going up Northwest on the beltway is where route 128 intersects and meets route 3 and I-93. This area is one of the most congested of any part of the Boston area. This area is the center of the Lahey Medical Center as well as the Bu! rlington Mall. The Peabody and Danvers area, which is also on the Northwest part of I-128, is where I-95 resumes its route to Maine. Since it's low-point in the mid-1990s, when several big companies severed or trimmed their ties to the area, Route128 has returned to prominence as one of the nation's premier high-tech zones. And the rejuvenation hasn't been limited to just this highway that loops around Boston, but has expanded to other parts of the metro area as well. Unfortunately since planning is never predictable what could have been more of a commodity Route 128 became exploited and overdone. What recourses that could have been attained such as location, convenience and easy access to suburbs; Route 128 became a city within itself and lost the suburban idealism which was originally sought after. Even though it was seemingly sufficient in space Route 128 has exceeded its limitations. This proves to be a learning experience in that Route 128 although successful in most of its purposes was a failure when it lost its ideals of functioning as a suburb. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-33823556488037575322020-01-03T20:18:00.001-08:002020-01-03T20:18:03.117-08:00Strategic Human Resource Management - 5404 Words Q. Critically analyse the article for the meaning of strategic human resource management and identify the factors impacting on strategic human resource management in contemporary organisations. Before an argument can be put in place about whether human resource management (HRM) can be strategic, we need to be aware that human resources (HR) is more then maintaining personal functions. Corporate and economic developments since the 1950à ¡Ã ¦s have dictated that businesses, to remain competitive, need to view HRM as an evolutionary process which combines the HR functions with the HR policies and strategies, with the business strategies and management teams, with all stakeholders (Unions and Governments) and with the organisation andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦For example, William M Mercer Pty Limited emphasises the fact that it is one of the greatest employers of qualifies Actuaries in the world meaning that if the rare mathematical skills of an Actuary are required then the client would contact Mercer and not a competitor who would not have the required skills. HR policies to achieve rareness include graduate recruitment programs and ensuring that the skill of these so rt of people (those with the rare skills) are being used appropriately and not in a role that could be completed by some one less qualified and less rare. Strategic HR should also focus on ensuring that the characteristics of a firm are not easily imitated or copied by others (imitability in the VIRO model). Creating a niche market for your firm can be achieved by ensuring your product or service can not be provided by another firm. The HR policies must be adapted so that the company is seen as unique, these policies may be to provide greater decision making power and work place flexibility to employees or to prosper initiative and communication between all stakeholders such as the executive, the line-managers and the clients. Finally in the VIRO framework, how the Organisation is structured can impact upon achieving competitive advantage. The HRM team of a firm must work with senior and middle management to that they have the right number of skilled people in the right place at the correct time to meet the needs of the consumers. ToShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management and Strategic Human Resource Management1136 Words à |à 5 PagesManaging Human Resources, 3rd edn, John Wiley Sons, Milton, Qld. In chapter 1 of the text, the author shows an overview of human resource management and strategic human resource management. The author also shows the relationship between HRM and management, managerââ¬â¢s role meaning of strategy, strategic approach to HRM and strategic challenges. Lots of diagrams and explanations are used by the author. This chapter has contributed to my understanding of strategic human resource management by analysingRead MoreStrategic Management : Strategic Human Resource Management Essay1864 Words à |à 8 Pages Unit 2 The Reyes Fitness Centers, Inc: The Strategic HR Opportunity Michael Lambert GB520 - Strategic Human Resource Management December 6, 2016 Professor Kenneth Rauch ââ¬Æ' What is Strategic Management? Through this case study I will be discussing strategic management. Strategic management can be defined as a process where an organization attempts to determine what actions need to be taken to achieve the overallRead MoreHuman Resources : Strategic Human Resource Management Essay3571 Words à |à 15 PagesStrategic Human Resource Management Assessment Introduction: The term human asset may be characterized as the aggregate Knowledge, aptitudes, inventive capacities, and abilities and in addition the qualities, demeanor, methodologies and convictions of people included in the undertakings of the association. It is whole or total of intrinsic capacities, procured information and aptitudes spoke to buy gifts and aptitudes of persons utilized in anRead MoreThe Strategic Human Resource Management1254 Words à |à 6 PagesINTRODUCTION Proactive management of the employees of a company or organization. Strategic human resource management includes typical human resource components such as hiring, discipline, and payroll, and also involves working with employees in a collaborative manner to boost retention, improve the quality of the work experience, and maximize the mutual benefit of employment for both the employee and the employer. The strategic human resource management was excellent as all employees reported highRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management1158 Words à |à 5 PagesTopics in Human Resource Management Module 1 Case Study Module 1 Case: ââ¬Å"Strategic Human Resource Managementâ⬠Introduction Human resource management (HRM) has it own challenges, but management is more focus on what HR can offer their organization in the future. Looking back to the evolution of human resource field, it has followed the history of business in the United States and most western countries. HR has evolved from personal management to human resource management and from HRMRead MoreHuman Resources Management And Strategic Human Resource Management Essay3465 Words à |à 14 Pages Q-1(A) Three major difference between human resource management and strategic human resource management Human resource management Strategic human resource management 1. HRM have ââ¬Å"Short term goalsâ⬠only like give training to the employees etc. For example in Tarmac short term goal is like recruit people for certain project only. 1. SHRM have ââ¬Å"long term goals â⬠like give the cross training to the employees. For example in Tarmac long term goal can be recruit people for long term and in future giveRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words à |à 290 PagesBusiness Management Study Manuals Advanced Diploma in Business Management STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT The Association of Business Executives 5th Floor, CI Tower ï⠷ St Georges Square ï⠷ High Street ï⠷ New Malden Surrey KT3 4TE ï⠷ United Kingdom Tel: + 44(0)20 8329 2930 ï⠷ Fax: + 44(0)20 8329 2945 E-mail: info@abeuk.com ï⠷ www.abeuk.com à © Copyright, 2008 The Association of Business Executives (ABE) and RRC Business Training All rights reserved No part of this publication may beRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management1032 Words à |à 5 PagesTo simply define Human Resource Management (HRM), it is a management function that helps managers recruit, select, train and develop members for an organization. Obviously, HRM is concerned with the peopleââ¬â¢s dimension in organizations. When we say HRM of the organization, it is concerned with all the departments of it. In the marketing department, people consult products or services that lead to the sale. In the sales department, people sell products or give services to the customers. And alsoRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management4089 Words à |à 17 PagesContents 1. Introduction: 2 2. Strategic Human Resource Management Practices in Samsung: 2 2 a. Samsung overall introduce 3 2.b HRM challenge in Samsung 3 2 .c Samsung strategies 4 3. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION 5 4. Career management and development 6 4.a HTP concept 7 5. Rewarding 8 6. DIVERSITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY 9 7. Employee welfare 10 Employee wage and welfare 10 Support for housing 10 Childrenââ¬â¢s education 10 Medical support 11 Support for retirement 11 8. Contribution to the national economyRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management3790 Words à |à 16 PagesSummary: Strategic human resource management is an approach that refers how the aims of the organization will be acquired through people by means of human resource strategies and combined human resource practices and policies. It is also based with viewing the people of the organization as a strategic element for the acquirement of competitive benefit. Strategic human resource model are used to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in the industry. Human Resources Management is the strategic management Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-20429436877355163872019-12-26T16:45:00.001-08:002019-12-26T16:45:02.735-08:00The Myth Of Modern Mythology - 2239 Words In old times, humankind has looked to utilize stories to clarify the world in which it lives. Similarly, as old man utilized stories of divine beings and creatures to clarify the world; superior person utilizes stories of exceptional legends and colossal scoundrels to do likewise (Stuller). Comic books are modern mythology, in that they are superior man s strategy for clarifying their general surroundings through the fantastical. The characters frequently handle such major, philosophical, (Ahrens, Jà ¶rn, and Meeting) social and story ideas as the nature of sound and malevolence, man s inward battle, the wannabe, the women s activist, and the rescuer. Wonder Woman is, maybe the most obvious case of a comics as an advanced myth (Smith, 145). Wonder Woman s stories are soaked profound inside traditional mythology. Wonder Woman was made as old Greek Amazon, shaped from a portion of the mysterious earth, and presented with power from the divine beings. Her mom, who shaped her from the m ud, was Hippolita, the ruler of the Amazons in traditional Greek mythology. Rising up out of a starting point inundated by myth, the majority of Wonder Woman s most notable and critical stories have been profoundly embedded in related characters and ideas (Ndalianis, 116). Indeed, as indicated by modern comic book coherence, Wonder Woman s trip to the super courteous universe of costumed adventuring started when the Amazon s held a challenge to pick a commendable champion to voyage to manShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Greek Mythology1650 Words à |à 7 Pagesimportance of Greek mythology Today, the ancient Greek myths still fascinate readers throughout the world. There are thousands of books written about the importance of Greek mythology in the formation of modern-time societies. There are hundreds of movies created about the adventures of Greek heroes. Apparently, the events, creatures, and people described in the ancient Greek myths were not real; however, their mythical nature does not undermine the importance of Greek mythology in defining the worldRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s The Lion King1055 Words à |à 5 Pagesof the modern era s most famous books and movies trace back to the Greek myths. Medicines are named after the characters of famous myths. Businesses choose the names of their companies and products from the ancient myths, lores, and various deities. Everyday phrases reference the centuries-old stories. Today, Greek mythology can be found in modern medicine, businesses, and language. Names of various Greek deities and other symbols from mythology have maneuvered their way into modern medicineRead MoreSignificance And Significance Of Mythology1743 Words à |à 7 PagesIn order to understand the importance and meaning of magic in mythology, it is helpful to try to understand why human cultures create myths. Mythology can refer to the collected myths of a group of peopleââ¬âtheir body of stories which they tell to explain nature, history, and customsââ¬âor to the study of such myths. As a collection of such stories, mythology is a vital feature of every culture. Various origins for myths have been proposed, ranging from personification of nature, personification of naturalRead MoreJoseph Campbell: The Power of Myth1469 Words à |à 6 PagesRitchey Literature and Composition 21 February 2013 Harkness Questions: The Power of Myth Chapters 1-3 1. Myth reveals spiritual truth about the world. Why read myths? You need myths to find your truth. You have elaborate myths to compare to everyday experiences and to other myths. ââ¬Å"Myths give a meaning to life (Campbell, 5). Mythology is a collection of stories based on oneââ¬â¢s knowledge and stories of experience. Myths are clues to life meaning. They are clues to ââ¬Å"spiritual potentialitiesâ⬠or yourRead MoreMythology In Fan Mythology742 Words à |à 3 PagesThe definition of the term Myth is that it is defined by its content, context, and/or its function. Most often when we think or hear the world myth we think of ancient Greek and Roman stories that tell us tales of gods, heroes, and monsters; in the modern world it is also used to butter up advertisements, and of course in fan fiction. When you look at the concept of myth it has been important to the practice and analysis of fan work, including fan fiction, on three levels: content, form, and theoryRead MoreGreek And Roman Painting And Floor Mosaic Essay1228 Words à |à 5 Pagesand Romans. An example of this can be seen in the usage and importance of Greek mythology. Greek Mythology: In the ancient Greek artwork, the term muthos (ÃÅ"à ¥ÃËÃŸà £) is often used to describe myth. The primary meaning of a myth is a word, speech, conversation, things said, or fact. Other meanings for the same term, however, include tales, stories, narratives, fiction, and legend. The earliest accounts of the Greek mythology can be seen in the Archaic pre-classical period through any of the nine sisterRead MoreThe Importance Of Greek Mythology1605 Words à |à 7 Pagesthat we use in our life sometimes, are inspired by Greek mythology. Sports brands, movies and T.V shows, the most complicated technology, books and many more, are all examples of Greek Mythology. If you take modern day items that we use and compare it to Greek mythology, believe it or not there is a big connection. But how come people today are inspired by Greek mythology? Also, why is Greek mythology important to us if they were just myths? It was such a while ago, so why do people still reflectRead MoreWhy Greek Mythology Is Still Relevant Today And Why We Still Use It1588 Words à |à 7 Pagesstatement- A lot of popular everyday items that we use in our life sometimes, are inspired by Greek mythology. Sports brands, movies and T.V shows, the most complicated technology, books and many more, are all examples of Greek Mythology. If you take modern day items that we use and compare it to Greek mythology, believe it or not there is a big connection. This essay will explain about why Greek mythology is still relevant today and why we still use it. Literature Review- Summary #1 In ââ¬Å"The GreekRead MoreWhy Greek Mythology Is Still Relevant Today And Why We Still Use It1585 Words à |à 7 Pagesstatement- A lot of popular everyday items that we use in our life sometimes, are inspired by Greek mythology. Sports brands, movies and T.V shows, the most complicated technology, books and many more, are all examples of Greek Mythology. If you take modern day items that we use and compare it to Greek mythology, believe it or not there is a big connection. This essay will explain about why Greek mythology is still relevant today and why we still use it. Literature Review- Summary #1 In ââ¬Å"The GreekRead MoreI believe that mythology should still be taught in schools, although with less of an emphasis and600 Words à |à 3 Pages I believe that mythology should still be taught in schools, although with less of an emphasis and across more cultures. Myths are important parts of literature, and have complexity that is different than normal novels. Also, myths teach about the culture of their time, as well as how people lived and what they believed. Along these lines, I think that other culturesââ¬â¢ myths should also be taught, as they also teach about the people of their time. Mythology is an important form of literature that Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-33414161014594267122019-12-18T12:34:00.001-08:002019-12-18T12:34:03.675-08:00Creative Writing The Race is Won United Essay - 565 Words It was a blazing summerââ¬â¢s day. There were many different races at this competition but they were all three legged relay races. It was time for the first race. The teams were many and all of them, save one, had a common foe - Team Human. Team human had four pairs of runners like all the other teams. The other teams were Team Hate, Team Failure, Team Stereotype and Prejudice, Team Envy and Jealousy, Team Conceit and Pride, and the list could go on and on. Their goal was to slow Human down by serving as obstacles in their lane. The first pair of runners were Black and White. They both held batons in their hands. The gun started and all the other teams started. Black and White just fell to the ground and glared at each other. They justâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Jew immediately began to undo the rope. A pair from Team Failure came to Arab and told Arab that Arab was a failure. The two stopped and glared at each other. They both felt so hopeless, confused and bitter. But then they grew up and apologised to each other. They then ran very well. They passed the baton to Short and Tall. For the first half of their leg they worked together in harmony until Team E J told Short he was envious of Tall. Short believed this and decided to do the race alone. Tall felt superior and wouldnââ¬â¢t cooperate either. But like their predecessors they realised their foolishness and made things up. They did exceptionally well. Christian and Muslim now had the baton. They had been watching the other pairs with fascination. They were both so sure that they would not repeat what the other teams had done. Their respect for God would prevent it, they knew. So off they went. Along the way a pair from Team C and P came to serve as obstacles in their lane. One whispered to Muslim, ââ¬Å"Why are you working with an infidel?â⬠ââ¬Å"Why are you equally yoked with an unbeliever?â⬠the other whispered to Christian. Christian and Muslim stared at each other at decided in their hearts that they would run independent of each other. Christian lift up their leg but soon tripped over. Muslim attempted to arise but found it impossible. After a long time of falling and tripping they both realised they were being silly. They had been so sureShow MoreRelatedErnest Gaines: Accomplished African-American Author Every person has challenges and different600 Words à |à 3 Pagescharacter or the storyââ¬â¢s plot may resemble people and events that were present in an authorââ¬â¢s life. Ernest Gaines became an accomplished author and the person he is today because of his life experiences during his childhood, his education, and his writing career. During Ernest Gainess childhood, many factors molded him into an accomplished author, the most important being the environment in which he lived. Gaines was born on a plantation in Louisiana on January 15, 1933. In numerous novels, GainesRead MoreShonda Rhimes Rise To Fame. Female Television And Film1572 Words à |à 7 Pageshousehold who were college graduates, she gained her Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and Creative Writing from Dartmouth College. She then got an advertising gig for a short while and ââ¬Å"enrolled in a writing for screen and television program at the University of Southern California s School of Cinematic Artsâ⬠where she earned her Master in Fine Arts. She excelled in her academics and ended up receiving a writing fellowship after earning her MFA. Her excellence in academics was her first step in herRead MoreThe American Of American Literature1425 Words à |à 6 PagesAmerican literature is the literature written or produced in the area of the United States and its receding colonies. American literature as a whole is the written literary work, and the new England colonies were the center of early American literature. American drama attained international status only in the 1920s and 1930s, with the works of Eugene Oââ¬â¢Neil, who won four Pulitzer prizes and the Noble prize. During the Middle of the 20th century, American drama was dominated by the works of eminentRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1634 Words à |à 7 PagesCity, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, track and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches Shaara fought as a young man, he won 17. The one loss would serve as the basis for a later short story, Come to My Party. After high schoolRead MoreEducational Ethics Essay1544 Words à |à 7 Pagesprovides the student and prohibits the teacher from any unfair treatment. The rule 3.4 states - The educator shall not exclude a student from participation in a program, deny benefits to a student, or grant an advantage to a student on the basis of race, color, gender, disability, national origin, religion, family status, or sexual orientation. The complexity of this standard makes it more challenging for the teachers because it creates a plethora of perplexing counter parts. The limitationsRead MoreJulia Alvarez Essay1187 Words à |à 5 Pagesschool in 1967. Then she then attended Connecticut College for two years, where she won the Benjamin T. Marshall Poetry Prize. After attending Bread Loaf School of English, at Middlebury College. She received a bachelor of arts in English, Summa Cum Laude, in 1971. In 1973, in pursuit of her goal to become a writer, she enrolled in Syracuse University. Two years later Julia had her masterââ¬â¢s degree in creative writing. Her poems began to appear in print as early as 1970. In 1975, Julia was a writerRead MoreDr. Seuss is the Most Well Known Childrens Author1311 Words à |à 5 PagesStole Christmas, Horton Hears a Who, and Green Eggs and Ham(Schwartz). Geisel earned two Emmy and Academy Awards, a Peabody Award, and the Pulitzer Prize during his lifetime for his works of writ ing(Dreier). Geisel became one of the most popular childrens authors of all time through his influences, writing style, and themes of his books. Geisel had many influences throughout his life, varying from childhood memories to events that occurred later on in his lifetime. One of his biggest literary influencesRead MoreThe Conflict Between Tradition And Western Influence On Nigeria1665 Words à |à 7 Pagesand traders. The British acquired the land soon after. Thus began direct rule of the regions of the land. British trade in the country and British political control of the country essentially changed Nigeria. The country was no longer divided, but united as a single state. The Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was founded in 1914, but the unity quickly disintegrated following World War II. Nigeria was divided into Northern, Eastern, Midwestern, and Western regions, with a separate party of traditionalRead MoreWe Are Enjoying Your Day Off1509 Words à |à 7 Pagestext and readings that support a range of opportunities for robust dialogue and writing, and, meets an array of standards. The stark differences in philosophie s for Du Bois and Washington support opportunities for students to strengthen their critical thinking skills through debating, justifying positions, judging, and analyzing perspectives). 5. The concept of the Talented Tenth as a means to bring a group or race of people out of an oppressed economic state or low social status (Fits in all gradesRead MoreOctavia Butler Essay3243 Words à |à 13 Pagescollection, quot;Speech Sounds,quot; won a Hugo award as best short story of 1984. The title story, quot;Bloodchild,quot; won both the 1985 Hugo and the 1984 Nebula awards as best novelette. And speaking of awards, in the summer of 1995, I received a MacArthur Fellowship from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Her most recent book now is Lilithââ¬â¢s Brood published in the year 2000. 3. What were your educational preparations for a writing career? I graduated from Pasadena Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-3479946943651279902019-12-10T09:16:00.001-08:002019-12-10T09:16:04.360-08:00Clements and Taxation Taxation Law Question: Describe about the Clements and Taxation for Taxation Law. Answer: Case study 1: Residence and source Fred does not reside or is domiciled in Australia hence for the purpose of assessment of tax his residency will be determined based on the statutory tests. Under the Australian Taxation law, an individual is determined to be a resident for the purpose of taxation as per the statutory requirements mentioned under Section 6 of ITAA (1996). Section 6 lays down the following test for the determination of resident for the purposes of taxation: Domiciled in Australia: the individuals domicile is in Australia. 183 days requirement: the individual resides in Australia for more than 6 months, either for a continuous period or intermittently period in an income year. However this condition is subject to the intention of the individual, whether he intends to reside in Australia or not and his usual place of abode is outside Australia. If either through his actions or intention he does not wish to reside in Australia or his usual place of abode is outside Australia then he is not a resident for the purposes of taxation. Superannuation Scheme: if the individual is a member of the superannuation scheme in Australia then he is a resident of Australia for tax Assessment. In the given situation Fred is a resident of Australia for taxation purposes as he falls under the second test laid down in the Income Tax Assessment Act, which is the 183 days test. Since Fred resides in Australia for a period of 11 months consecutively, he fulfils the condition of residing in Australia for more than one-half of the income year. Here the income year is not the calendar year but the year when the income is actually earned. In Clemens and Commissioner of Taxation [2015], it was stated that the assessee must be physically present in Australia for more than 183 days in an income year to be resident of Australia. Herein, Fred being a British citizen has come to Australia with the intention of residing in Australia, although the period of residence is not fixed, but his intention is apparent from the fact that he has come to Australia to set up a branch of his company (Ato.gov.au, 2015). Also he rents his family home and brings along his wife too which shows that he intends to stay for a long duration, because if that was not the case then he would have left his wife with his children. The usual place of abode is not the permanent place of residence, as was held by the administrative tribunal in Jaczenko and Commissioner of Taxation, [2015]; it is the current or the habitual place that is considered as the usual place of abode. In this case also, Freds usual place of abode is in Melbourne as he has leased a property for 12 months which shows his intention of habitual as well as current residence. Although Fred has a family home outside Australia, still his place of abode will be determined by his usual place of abode. Therefore, Fred is a resident for the purposes of tax assessment and the income he gains from renting out the family home and other interest accrued from his investments in France, he shall pay taxes in Australia for that income gained. Case study 2: Ordinary Income Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159: This judgment clears the concept of assessment of tax in case of sale proceeds from a land or building. As a principle when an ordinary investment is realised the gain received from the difference in value is not considered as profit and is only an ordinary income and not a capital gain. However, gains from realising securities are considered as capital gains as they are profits earned in the ordinary course of business. Lord Justice Clerk explained the scheme of capital gains, and states that there is a very slight difference between the above two situations and in each case the situation is to be determined based on the idea of whether there is an enhancement of value by mere realisation or change in investment or whether there is a gain while carrying out a profit making activity. The case discusses in general the assessing of income generated from sales proceeds of land/ building. The ratio of the judgment was that in order to assess taxability it is to be first seen whether the profit is in the nature of income falling under the category of capital income/gains. It was held that if the sale of the building/land is not for the purpose of business, i.e. the sales is not in ordinary course of business for profit making motive and is only a realisation from sales due to enhanced value meant for further investment and not for profit making then the character of the gain so received is not a capital gain or income but only an ordinary income under the Income Tax Act. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 It was submitted by the respondent that the income that was generated from sale of land belonging to the company was an income that falls under either section 6 or Section 24, which are the incomes generated not for profit making purposes or in the ordinary course of business arising from carrying out of the business. The business of the respondent company as evident from its memorandum was of mining, the sale and other activities were only a part of the business in order to fulfil its final work of mining. The court held that, the Lambton lands were bought for the purpose of coal-mining and not for profit making by sale of the land. It was only after the purpose of coal-mining became redundant, that the respondents started to sell the land. The mere sub-division of the land before selling it and was only a method of using the land to its advantage, which is not the same as profit making in the ordinary course of business of sale of land. The construction of railway lines, parks and other amenities are only a part of the advantage that the company was trying to seek, as sub-division is not possible without that. Hence, it cannot be said that the sale of land by the respondent was for the purpose of profit making rather it was only for realisation of the land. Therefore the income generated would fall under the category of Section 6 of the ITAA as in order to fall under section 26, it falls out of the ambit of carrying on or carrying out for profit making by sale. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR This is a case that establishes the principle that not every sale wherein the magnitude of proceeds is high can be said to be as a profit assessable under section 26 of ITAA. Here, the taxpayers had bought the land for the purpose of securing entry for its shareholders to the shacks at the beachside. Later on the land was developed by the shareholders into residential areas and was developed for the same purpose and there was a residential subdivision of the said land. The sales of the same generated huge profits, but the intention of the taxpayer while buying it or while selling it was not for the purpose of profit. It was held that the degree of proceeds is not the parameter on which the assess ability shall be governed but what happens to the land in the course of conducting the business that would be the subject of assess ability. In the present case the development of the land and its sale was considered as mere realisation of the land, assessable under Section 25 of the ITAA. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 In this case the court held that there was only realisation of land and the tax-payers were trying to sell of the land in the most advantageous way for them. This conclusion was derived at after thorough consideration of the facts that the tax-payers bought the land for the purpose of farming, they later tried to sell off the land in one lot but were unable to do so, they did not engage into commercial activity of selling the land by employing brokers, working, developing site office etc, they continued with their respective professional tasks, they only subdivided the land in order to make the most out of the sales. Also none of their actions were in the nature of profit making by sales nor were they professionally involved in land development in the ordinary course of business. Hence, merely shifting from farming to development of land for selling it in order to take advantage does not amount to profit making under section 26, rather in the present case it was only realisation of t he capital asset and is an income under Section 25 of the Act. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 In this case there were 5 applications before the court for reviewing the decision of the Commissioner of Taxation disallowing objections of the applicant to amended assessments of tax in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991 stating that successive subdivisions of the property Acton View occurred in the course of carrying on a business. The issue for determination was whether the subdivision and sales were undertaken as part of conduct of business such that the profits are accessible under Section 25(1) of The Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936 or under second limb of S. 25A of the Act. The Court decided in favour of the taxpayer being influenced by factors that apart from activities necessarily undertaken to obtain approval for subdivision, he did nothing to change the purpose of Acton View and used it as residence and conducted the business of a primary producer. Also, he did not acquire any other land to add to his stock suggesting that he did not carry a business of lands. Also, though h e worked in partnership with his wife and son, he made no attempt to bring Acton View as a partnership asset, considering the fact that subdivisions were undertaken only to meet debts and problems of deteriorating health. Thus the taxpayer carried no business of land and thus the appeal was allowed that each assessment be remitted to reassessment in accordance with these reasons. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 In this case, the applicant (the company) appealed against the decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal where the Tribunal disallowed the objection of the company to the Commissioners claim of bringing to tax $ 500,000 less the cost of land and other expenses wherein the land owned by the company was resumed. Here, the tribunal decided that $ 370,000, less costs and expenses, should be bought to tax for 1980 since only the aforesaid amount was paid in this year. The principal of this company is Mr. Roche to whom the land was transferred in 1951 as nominee for a family syndicate. The land has many sandhills on it. The company, incorporated in 1955 contained in its MOA the only object to acquire lands for the purpose of carrying on business of working on/or selling the sand thereon. The tribunal came to the conclusion on the basis of the evidences before it that the company while acquiring the land had the predominant purpose of working on/selling the sand on it while secondary to it, was the purpose of selling the land for profit when the time became ripe for subdivision and thus held the income taxable under Section 25(1) according to ordinary concepts and usages and the second limb of 26(a) which says that assessable income of a taxpayer should include profit arising from the carrying on or carrying out of any profit making undertaking or scheme. Before this Court, the interpretation of the tribunals findings were disputed. The Court critically analysed the tribunals findings and concluded that the company had a twofold purpose in mind while acquiring the property and held the income taxable under S.2 5(1) and second limb of S. 26(a). Turning to 26(a), it said that it was not required that the second limb only apply when the profitable resale was the dominant purpose, it just has to be a purpose in mind. Also, it distinguished the case from the Kratzmanns case because unlike it here although due to compulsory acquisition, the ultimate purpose of the com pany in relation to the land was fulfilled. Thus, it dismissed the appeals with costs. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 In the present case the court was of the view that the activity of the tax payer of purchasing land and then sub-dividing it and selling was a continuous activity, which is considered to be as an activity for profit making by sale. The contention of the tax payer that he purchased the land for the purpose of farming and then in order to clear his indebtedness he had to sell of the land so bought by him, was not considered by the court. This is because the court stated that the land was bought although with the intention of farming, but the tax payer being a poor farmer, borrowed money in order to buy the land and then he had to mortgage further to pay off the mortgages. Therefore, the tax-payer already knew that he would have to the sub-divide the land in order to pay off the credit, specially taken from the bank. Hence, even if the initial intention of the tax payer was to use the land as a farm but his continuous actions of buying and selling and then the obvious need of development in order to pay off the debts makes the sale in the nature of profit making activity done in the course of business. Hence the ingredients of section 25 of the Income tax Act. The ratio of the judgment by Lockhar J. was that in order to determine whether the activity was in the nature of profit making or not, all the ingredients, including the intention and the circumstances needs to be taken into consideration and not an individual act. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 In this case, two brothers purchased a land which had an old house of no value on it with the intention of removing the old house and constructing three townhouses on the land. The purchase price was $ 32,000 of which they borrowed $ 15,000 from the bank. Later, they borrowed $ 80,000 from the bank for building the townhouses. They advertised the units for sale before their completion but no sale was affected. Then after completion, they, along with their family moved into two of the townhouses. After about an year of this, they sold the townhouses resulting in a net profit of about $ 150,000. For some time thereafter, they lived in two of the townhouses as tenants. Also, they undertook a similar development in the area and sold those units. The Commissioner of Taxation alleges that the sums were assessable to tax under Section 25(1) of The Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936 the purpose of purchase being to make profits by sale of the townhouses which the taxpayers reject by saying that the townhouses were sold because of financial difficulties and that the purpose in mind while buying the property was to derive regular income by renting them. The Court, not convinced by their arguments came to the conclusion that the taxpayers had the purpose of realising profits by the sale of the property based on the fact that that the money for purchasing the land and building townhouses was obtained by loan. Moreover, the fact that they gave advertisement for the sale of townhouses before their completion is suggestive of their motive and no attempt was ever made to let out the townhouses. Also, the taxpayers claim that if they had undertook a profit making venture they would not have abandoned it by occupying it for a year was reject ed by the Court which said that though it was used for some other purpose as per their convenience, the motive of realising profits out of it remained the same and thus the court dismissed the application with costs. References: Case study 1: Clemens and Commissioner of Taxation [2015]AATA (Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Australia), p.124. Jaczenko and Commissioner of Taxation [2015]AATA (Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Australia), p.125. Ato.gov.au. (2015). Residency tests | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/Residency-tests/ [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Income Tax Assessment Act, 1996 Case study 2: Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) [1904] 5 (TC), p.159. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T [1950] 81 CLR, p.188. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd [1982] CLR, p.150. Statham Anor v FC of T [1989] ATC, p.4070. Casimaty v FC of T [1997] ATC, p.5135. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T [1988] ATC, p.4897. Crow v FC of T [1988] ATC, p.4620. McCurry Anor v FC of T [1998] ATC, p.4487. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-22883368973142305262019-12-02T20:57:00.001-08:002019-12-02T20:57:04.015-08:00Slave Culture Essays - Slavery In The United States, Slavery Slave Culture Slave Culture Slavery in America thrived and continued to grow because there was a scarcity of labor. Cultivation of crops on plantations could be supervised while slaves used simple routines to harvest them, the low price at which slaves could be bought, and earning profits as a bonus for not having to pay hired work. But in the beginning half of the 19th century a strong push for slavery's final straw was coming. The people of the South tended to be more genteel, and seemed not quite adjusted to hard work, but more to giving orders. The idea of telling people how to do their work just seemed to fit all too well into this scenario. Slaves lived under virtually unsuitable conditions. Douglass' account of a slave's life told of the trying times on the plantation. An allowance was given to the workers. A monthly allowance consisted of mostly of pork and corn meal but also some money. Yearly slaves were given clothes, a couple shirts, and two pairs of pants-one pair of pants for winter and one pair for the other times of the year. They were not given beds to sleep on but rather a blanket for the floor. On top of lack of basic necessities slaves were forced to work around the clock. If they were not at their total output for the minute their owners they would be forced by the whip and encouraged to work harder, as an owner might feel. They were always subject to profanity from their masters and treated more like horses. Just like horses they were bred to be strong, in the mindset of outputSlave owners would also sexually take advantage of women slaves. Slaves turned to freedom for more than this reason though. Some were obsessed with being free and living a life where they were not told how to live-and who wouldn't be? Then there were some that were treated so cruelly, that it forced them to run just to stay alive. Since coming to America as slaves even back as far back as when the first colonies began, slaves wanted to escape. They wanted to get away from the situation they were forced into. The North was angry about the treatment of the slaves and was not happy about owners being allowed to come into their states to take the slaves back. It is amazing there were not more slave uprisings. But finally, the North decided to do something about it. They would help the slaves escape to freedom. The slaves were now angry, scared, and confused. Hearing of the Underground Railroad, they slowly began to run more and more. But in the North there was still a very strong double standard. Prejudice and discrimination ran freely against blacks, they were not given all rights of the white man or women for that matter. Professions for blacks were very limited. So leaving the plantation for the North wasn't as appealing as one might think for a slave. Plantation owners went to great lengths to keep their slaves from leaving. They had trained dogs that would attack at an instant if called upon. If slave would manage to get far enough away from the dogs, bounty hunters would be sent after them still. The North was not as bad as the South but at least the Southerners were not hypocrites. Although plantations were reaping the profits more than ever, this constant pressure was setting the stage for change and change was going to have enormous expenses. American History Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-86052319009967539592019-11-27T07:09:00.001-08:002019-11-27T07:09:06.838-08:00Free Essays on Student Performance AnalysisThere are links between student performance and financial, human, and material resources. School districts that can afford to spend have the resources stand a better chance of having higher performing students. These links also affect teaching and learning. It is pretty simple the more money, parental/community involvement and better materials, equals the more effective teacher. And the end result equals a well educated high performing student. Bear Valley Unified School Districtââ¬â¢s strategic plan illustrates all of the resources relate to teaching and learning. The first example of the resources affecting teaching and learning that I saw came from this particular statement in Bear Valley Unified School Districtââ¬â¢s strategic plan. Number four on the district parameters says: School district policy and expenditure decisions will support the Strategic Plan (bigbear.k12.ca.us/sarcs/plan.htm). By supporting the Strategic Plan which includes a lot of benefits for teachers and students shows the districtââ¬â¢s commitment to develop its policies and budgets according to achieving what is in the plan. When a person reads this they know that the Bear Valley Unified School District is attempting to do everything in its power to achieve all of the things outlined in its strategic plan. Number six under district parameters stated the following: The school district will not change nor implement programs or activities without provisions for staff training (bigbear.k12.ca.us/sarcs/plan.htm). This statement articulates that the Bear Valley Unified School District is willing to invest money into staff development to produce better teachers within their school district. If this happens the district will produce better teachers. The more effective teacher will then challenge his/her students to become better learners. Here there seems to be a trickle down effect. By investing i n building better teachers in return will p... Free Essays on Student Performance Analysis Free Essays on Student Performance Analysis There are links between student performance and financial, human, and material resources. School districts that can afford to spend have the resources stand a better chance of having higher performing students. These links also affect teaching and learning. It is pretty simple the more money, parental/community involvement and better materials, equals the more effective teacher. And the end result equals a well educated high performing student. Bear Valley Unified School Districtââ¬â¢s strategic plan illustrates all of the resources relate to teaching and learning. The first example of the resources affecting teaching and learning that I saw came from this particular statement in Bear Valley Unified School Districtââ¬â¢s strategic plan. Number four on the district parameters says: School district policy and expenditure decisions will support the Strategic Plan (bigbear.k12.ca.us/sarcs/plan.htm). By supporting the Strategic Plan which includes a lot of benefits for teachers and students shows the districtââ¬â¢s commitment to develop its policies and budgets according to achieving what is in the plan. When a person reads this they know that the Bear Valley Unified School District is attempting to do everything in its power to achieve all of the things outlined in its strategic plan. Number six under district parameters stated the following: The school district will not change nor implement programs or activities without provisions for staff training (bigbear.k12.ca.us/sarcs/plan.htm). This statement articulates that the Bear Valley Unified School District is willing to invest money into staff development to produce better teachers within their school district. If this happens the district will produce better teachers. The more effective teacher will then challenge his/her students to become better learners. Here there seems to be a trickle down effect. By investing i n building better teachers in return will p... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-14318666772631801172019-11-23T14:43:00.001-08:002019-11-23T14:43:03.239-08:00Free Essays on Jackie RobinsonJackie Robinson: Robinson Changes Americansââ¬â¢ Views on Racism Jackie Robinson was one of the most profound individuals to ever walk on this earth. Robinson established a reputation as a man who never tolerated insults to his dignity (Kahn 6). One of his accomplishments was entering the major leagues and is one of the most remarkable and inspiring accomplishments in sports history. When Robinson became the first black to play in Major League Baseball, he changed Americansââ¬â¢ views on racism forever. Robinson was born the youngest of five children near Cairo, Georgia, on January 31, 1919. Robinsonââ¬â¢s father, a sharecropper, left the family when Robinson was only about 2 years old. His mother, Mallie McGriff Robinson, then moved to Pasadena, California to find work (James 5). Trouble found Robinson at an early age, when he became a member of the Pasadena gang (7). Mack, Robinsonââ¬â¢s older brother, used sports to become popular not drugs or gangs (8). In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany, Mack won the silver metal in the 200m-hurdle (13). Learning to deal with criticism early was a major contribution to his success in life. He and his friends would be called racial names while just trying to play baseball at the local park (Kahn 10). Not long after the family moved to Pasadena, California Robinsonââ¬â¢s mother enrolled him into Pasadena Junior College. At Pasadena Junior College Robinson set a National Junior College record in the long jump of 25ââ¬â¢ 6 à ½Ã¢â¬ (Ringer 22). After only one year at Pasadena Junior College Robinson received an athletic scholarship to UCLA (23). There, Robinson became the first Bruin athlete to earn varsity letters in four sports (25). Robinson was a standout in football, baseball, basketball and track (26). After three years of college Robinson left college to work to support his mother (29). Several months later, Pearl Harbor was bombed, and he enlisted in the U.S. Army (31). In the Ar... Free Essays on Jackie Robinson Free Essays on Jackie Robinson Jackie Robinson: Robinson Changes Americansââ¬â¢ Views on Racism Jackie Robinson was one of the most profound individuals to ever walk on this earth. Robinson established a reputation as a man who never tolerated insults to his dignity (Kahn 6). One of his accomplishments was entering the major leagues and is one of the most remarkable and inspiring accomplishments in sports history. When Robinson became the first black to play in Major League Baseball, he changed Americansââ¬â¢ views on racism forever. Robinson was born the youngest of five children near Cairo, Georgia, on January 31, 1919. Robinsonââ¬â¢s father, a sharecropper, left the family when Robinson was only about 2 years old. His mother, Mallie McGriff Robinson, then moved to Pasadena, California to find work (James 5). Trouble found Robinson at an early age, when he became a member of the Pasadena gang (7). Mack, Robinsonââ¬â¢s older brother, used sports to become popular not drugs or gangs (8). In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany, Mack won the silver metal in the 200m-hurdle (13). Learning to deal with criticism early was a major contribution to his success in life. He and his friends would be called racial names while just trying to play baseball at the local park (Kahn 10). Not long after the family moved to Pasadena, California Robinsonââ¬â¢s mother enrolled him into Pasadena Junior College. At Pasadena Junior College Robinson set a National Junior College record in the long jump of 25ââ¬â¢ 6 à ½Ã¢â¬ (Ringer 22). After only one year at Pasadena Junior College Robinson received an athletic scholarship to UCLA (23). There, Robinson became the first Bruin athlete to earn varsity letters in four sports (25). Robinson was a standout in football, baseball, basketball and track (26). After three years of college Robinson left college to work to support his mother (29). Several months later, Pearl Harbor was bombed, and he enlisted in the U.S. Army (31). In the Ar... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-74660570770170676952019-11-21T05:12:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:12:06.600-08:00Explain the history and evolution of the U.S. Constitution, related EssayExplain the history and evolution of the U.S. Constitution, related historical documents, and the U.S. Supreme Court - Essay Example The judges of the federal courts are structurally envisaged to remain independent through a constitutionally designated separation of powers. Article III involves dealing with two basic features of the United States Constitution, namely federalism and separation of powers which makes it eternally relevant and contestable. Here, the constitution invests central powers with the United States Supreme Court as the only institution in which the highest judicial powers of the land is concentrated. According to Amar, ââ¬Å"the Constitution clearly does limit in important ways congressional power to shift ultimate judicial power from federal to state courtsâ⬠(1985, 271). Importantly, the federal judges and the lower court judges are not equal as the latter is constitutionally created as supreme and independent. III) The Case or Controversy Requirement The case or controversy requirement of Article III is meant for safeguarding the timely power allocation among the courts in an easy ma nner, the rightful representation of a party who is ate the receiving end of the judgment and protecting the matter of self-determinism. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-42159179725688080262019-11-20T01:58:00.001-08:002019-11-20T01:58:02.919-08:00The company man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsThe company man - Essay Example Phil got along well with those working for him, some of whom the company may consider for his replacement. Upon his demise, Phil left his wife Hellen, who the author describes as a lovely woman having no necessary skills for work. She gave up working and resorted to taking care of the children. However, Hellen seems less bothered by Philââ¬â¢s death because, to her, Phil was married to his work but not her. The surviving sons of Phil seem to have no connection with him before his death. The eldest son searches information about his fatherââ¬â¢s nature from the neighbors and the answer he gets ââ¬Å"his dad was an embarrassment.â⬠Philââ¬â¢s girl uses to view him mockingly and choose to live near her mom. The youngest son was Philââ¬â¢s favorite. At his funeral, the company president describes Phil as hardworking and a difficult man to replace. Just the evening after his funeral, the president was already organizing Philââ¬â¢s replacement. The story is ironical in that it depicts Phil as hardworking yet the same work made him alienated from his family and social life. Ideally, ââ¬Å"The company man,â⬠is a story that illustrates the actual nature of corporate Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-86623503618286606602019-11-17T14:28:00.001-08:002019-11-17T14:28:05.559-08:00Sensor Project Essay Example for Free Sensor Project Essay I have decided to measure the temperature of a greenhouse using a thermistor in a potential divider circuit, and then when the temperature gets too cold, the relay will activate and turn on a heater. A thermistor is a temperature sensor in which its resistance will increase or decrease with temperature change depending on what type of resistor. An alternative for this experiment could have been measuring light levels in a greenhouse using an LDR. A light sensor in a green house could tell you when and where in the greenhouse the most intense sunlight is, which you could you use to aid your growing skills. I decided to design a temperature sensor for a greenhouse using a thermistor, as temperature can be critical in growing plants especially if it gets too hot or too cold. As my thermistor is an NTC this means that as temperature decreases its resistance increases, and when temperature increases its resistance decreases. Plan: Circuit Explanation The water is boiled until it reaches a temperature of just above 90i Celsius. The thermistor is inserted into the hot water and the voltage across it is measured for a temperature of 90i. The varying voltage across the thermistor is measured as the temperature falls at 10-degree intervals. The experiment is repeated and a second set of readings obtained. An average set of readings is obtained and a voltage-temperature conversion graph is plotted. Then test the sensor by attaching the amplifier and relay. Materials/Apparatus Needed: Thermometer, Thermistor, Beaker, Electric kettle, Power supply, Multimeter, Variable resistor, Amplifier, Relay, Leads. These pictures show me testing the thermistor (left), and testing the amplifier to see at what voltage it activates (right). Variables The volume of water used for this experiment was kept at 250cmi The experiment was completed over one day, and on the day, the temperature in the physics laboratory where the experiment took place was 19i C. Results Calculation of R1: I want my amplifier to activate at 10i C, for the heater to come on. The amplifier turns on at 1. 93V, as I have tested, and because the voltage is proportional to the resistance, I will work out which resister to use using the equation below. (At 10i C the thermistors resistance is 124. 8? ) Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3746563181941965162.post-87372732744107912292019-11-15T02:59:00.001-08:002019-11-15T02:59:04.022-08:00Drunk Driving Essay -- essays research papers, Alcohol The Saturday night party was the place to be. Anyone who is anyone was there. Johnââ¬â¢s curfew is midnight and its 12:05. Mark had been doing quite a lot of drinking and he was Johnââ¬â¢s ride home. John questioned whether or not he wanted to get in the car with Mark, but thought about how mad his parents were going to be. He was already five minutes late. Saying to himself ââ¬Å"Just this one time,â⬠he decided to get in the car. John never made it home that night. Mark had rolled the car off the bridge one mile away from his house. John lost his life all because he was afraid of getting grounded. There are many situations similar to Johnââ¬â¢s, and in a lot of them, no one survives. Because of all the death and tragedy as a result of driving under the influence of alcohol, I feel that there should be an increased punishment if caught. The legal definitions of "driving" and "drunk" are open to many interpretations, which vary greatly from state to state. In some places, "driving" can include sitting still in a parked or wrecked vehicle with the motor off, or starting up a car in a driveway. Police can and do arrest people whom they believe are drunk before they get on the road and even when they've pulled off to "sleep it off," just if they're in the driver's seat. As for the definition of "drunk," there are several major factors to consider. You can be "legally impaired" as viewed by the law without ever taking a drink, if you have taken other substances like prescription drugs that affe... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04319998444005272301noreply@blogger.com0