a christian nation Essay -- essays research papers

There are many different opinions regarding the idea that the United States is a Christian nation. After reading the Church book, however, I believe it is writ large that our country was non in fact founded on Christianity. Even though many religious right groups insist our laws should enforce the doctrines of Protestant Christianity. The docuwork forcets written by our founding fathers say otherwise. The U.S. Constitution has no mention of Christianity or Jesus Christ, and is evidence within itself that our country was not founded as a Christian nation.The men who founded the legislature of our country had seen first hand the difficulties that church and state partnerships could create in Europe. The consequences of this partnership are the main reason a secular political sympathies was created in the United States. During the colonial period, alliances between religion and government produced oppression and tyranny on our own shores. Many colonies, for example, had laws limitin g public office positions to Trinitarian Protestants. objet dart some colonies had officially established churches and taxed all citizens to support them. Dissenters faced many obstacles of persecution. Many people began looking for an end to religious testing. They argued that true faith did not need or want the support of the government. These protestors were not anti-religious. In fact they believed that by allowing people their right to freedom from religion, they would eventually find themselves true Christians. P...

Creativity, the Subconcious, and Daydreaming :: Biology Essays Research Papers

notional thinking, the Subconcious, and DaydreamingWhen an artist of any sort is inspired they have what can very closely be compargond with a eldritch feeling. Some have said that this subject in which, the imagination flows so freely is that of a conscious dream. In this short es affirm I will explore the ideas behind creativity and this dreamlike state of inspiration. In order to do so we must first decide what creativity is and then how it is affected.Creativity is it merely the expression of ones ideas, or must it be something that none has ever thought of before? My answer to this question is that neither idea is a straitlaced definition for creativity. To be creative is the ability of the individual to express themselves in a passionate manner that is unique. The expression must be unique in the fact that the way in which it is expressed demonstrates the emotions and feelings of the creator. Also there are other forms of creativity such as inventing in which although the i dea itself may non be completely new, or unrelated to something else, but that this idea is a composite of the information, which one has obtained throughout their life. This idea in order to be creative cannot be just a regurgitation of the ideas, but rather it must be an individual perspective. Creativity can be found in every(prenominal) day life in the simplest things, as in the way in which a person observes a flower that they are passing. However, what causes a creative admirer is the way in which they express their unique perspective. Creative Geniuses when asked about their feelings of inspiration have often said that they feel that their spiritualized feeling is similar to that of a dream. Could the dream-like state which artists experience during inspiration be similar to that of daydreaming? Absolutely, Day dreaming is when ones mind drifts from the task that it has been set to do. In this state we are still conscious unlike in sleeping dreams, but our mind is able to, so to speak drift into the depths of itself. There have been studies done that say that daydreaming is connected with intelligence and creativity. This is partially because sometimes our brain needs time to process information and although this is generally done during our REM sleep circle sometimes it can carry over to our wakeful states.

Sears Essentials :: essays research papers

I.Introductiona.Sears Essenials A new type of store from Sears.b.Cover who they are, what has been done, when new stores dissipate and what stores are open now, locations, and the aim of these new stores.II.Whoa.Sears Essentials is a new store format that opened after the merger with K-Martb.Sears Essentials was originally planned as stores in areas where there was no competition, but may be expanding into areas with high takes of competitionIII.Whata.These stores are a combination ofi.Pantry itemsii.Appareliii.Toolsiv.House Waresv.Sporting Goodsvi.Toysvii.Lawn & tendviii.Appliancesix.Mediax.Electronicsxi.Optometry, Pharmacy, Auto Repairb.Originally planned to bring 25 stores opening, but will be expanding into 47 by the end of the calendar year.c.Aimed to compete with position and Wal-Martd.Provides many items at a lower price than is available in the Sears Grand locationse.Off-Mall locations designed to get into areas that are not generally near a mallf.Combines the Sears na me with the single-floor, clean and bright layout of K-mart. IV.Whena.Store openings have already begun. With over 26 open stores, 12 more opening in August, and 9 more scheduled to open in October, this is a quickly growing chain.b.In the Florida areas, there are 3 stores opening in August and 1 in Octoberi.Clearwater (Open)ii.West Palm Beach (Open)iii.Deland (Open)iv.Cape Coral (Opens in October)V.Wherea.3020 Se Federal Hwy, Stuart, FL 34997b.1363 NW St Lucie W B, Port St. Lucie, FL 34986c.101 E transnational Speedway Blvd, Deland, FL 32724d.2130 Gulf to Bay Blvd., Clearwater, FL 33765e.4717 S. Florida Avenue, Lakeland, FL 33813f.2310 Del Prado Blvd South, Cape Coral, FL 33990 (Opening Late October)g.5750 NW 183rd St, Hialeah, FL 33015h.15201 N Cleveland, Suite 1500, North Fort Myers, FL 33903i.4560 Forest Hill Blvd, West Palm Beach, FL 33415j.9500 9th St N, St. Petersburg, FL 33702VI.Whya.Sears and Kmart have both been losing market shares and in several years will go away witho ut changes to their structures. b.Sears Essentials, as a combination of Sears and Kmart, offers an opportunity for them to compete on the level of Walmart and Target.

Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide and Dr. Kevorkian -- Euthanasia Phy

Dr. Jack Kevorkian was sentenced fifteen to twenty years in jail for a second grade murder charge. There is no doubt that Dr. Kevorkian injected lethal drugs into Thomas Youk, killing him within minutes. But was the murder committed as an act of rage? No, it was done as an act of kindness. For the onetime(prenominal) ten years, Dr. Kevorkian has been performing assisted suicides. In that time, Kevorkian claims to have eased the suffering of 130 patients. He has also been fighting to legalize euthanasia. There are several(prenominal) people that support Kevorkians views of euthanasia, yet there are still many people that think that what Kevorkian is doing is wrong. Until the later part of April, when he was convicted of second degree murder, Kevorkian had been found not guilty of assisted suicide charges on four separate accounts. Is Jack Kevorkians actions one of a hero or of a madman? Currently, the only state that assisted suicide is legal is Oregon. Euthanas ia is illegal everywhere in the United States. Euthanasia is a better preference than assisted suicide. Euthanasia differs from assisted suicide in that the physician actually injects the lethal drug instead of prescribing it. Because patients are required to take the lethal drug themselves, there is the chance that they may take the drug the wrong way. This could cause the patient to survive the lethal dose and do more harm. There is a twenty-five percent chance that a patient will fail to kill themselves by assisted suicide (Smith 37). Dr. Kevorkian, the most outspoken euthanasia activistic in the United States... ...is argument is wrong. Works Cited Corry, John. Who is Jack Kevorkian, Really? Readers Digest. April 1999 87-92. Goldstein, Frederick J. Dr. Jack Kevorkian Friend or Foe? The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. January 1997 1-3. Grace, Julie. Curtains for Dr. Death. epoch 5 Apr. 1999 48. Lessenberry, Jack. Death Becomes Him. Vanity Fair July 1994 102-113 . McHugh, Paul R. The Kevorkian Epidemic. The American Scholar. Vol. 66. 1997 15-27. Nelan, Bruce W. Fasting for the Right to Die. Time 15 Nov. 1993 89. Shapiro, Joseph P. Dr. Death Has Yet Another Day in Court. U.S. News and World Report 29 Mar. 1999 37. Shapiro, Joseph P. Dr. Deaths Last Dance. U.S. News and World Report. 26 Apr. 1999 44. Smith, Wesley J. Death Wars. National Review 14 Jul. 1997 36-37.

America Must Explore Alternate Energy Sources and Cease Dealing with th

America Must Explore Alternate Energy Sources and force out Dealing with the Corrupt Saudi Government When Mohammed al-Khilewi, a high-ranking official at the Saudi mission to theUnited Nations, defected to the United States in 1994, he reportedly broughtwith him fourteen thousand internal government documents. He claimed that thesedocuments proved the Saudi royal familys corruption, human rights abuses, andfinancial and technical support for terrorist crowds such as Hamas, ananti-Israeli group based in Lebanon, and Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda. Al-Khilewiand his lawyer met with two FBI agents and an assistant United States attorney.We gave them a sampling of the documents and put them on the table, Michael J.Wildes, al-Khilewis lawyer, said. But the agents refused to accept them(Hersh). Al-Khilewi was granted semipolitical asylum and never heard from theAmerican government again. He, his wife, and their three children still live inconstant business organisation of reprisals from t he long arm of Saudi intelligence. He now wearsa bulletproof vest and is constantly bracketed by bodyguards and lives under afalse identity. This is an example of the growing American tolerance for Saudi governmenttransgressions. Saudi princes squander billions of dollars from the Saudicoffers on palaces in Spain and at gaming tables in Monaco(Cockburn) while theSaudi people suffer severe unemployment and inadequate education, a major issuein a nation in which 50 percent of the population is still in school. Religiousdissidents are dealt with brutally and readily in Saudi Arabia by themutawwain&emdashreligious police&emdashand Saudi women are kept as secluded andunprivileged as those in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. ... ...ays and humanrights atrocities without fear of punishment. Works CitedCockburn, Leslie, and Andrew Cockburn. Royal Mess. New Yorker online. 28 Nov. 1994. in stock(predicate)<www.newyorker.com/FROM_THE_ARCHIVE/ARCHIVES/?011015fr_archive0130 Dec. 2001. Hers h, Seymour M. Kings Ransom. New Yorker online. 22 Oct. 2001. Available<http//newyorker.com/FACT/?011022fa_FACT1 30 Dec. 2001.Ireland, Doug. Taking the Bait. In These Times online. 12 Nov. 2001<www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/25/feature1.shtml 30 Dec. 2001.Mayer, Jane. The House of bin-Laden. New Yorker online. 11 Nov. 2001.Available <www.newyorker.com/FACT/?011112fa_FACT3 30 Dec. 2001Surowiecki, James. The Real Price of Oil. New Yorker online. 3 Dec. 2001.Available<www.newyorker.com/THE_TALK_OF_THE_TOWN/CONTENT/?011203ta_talk_surowiecki 30Dec. 2001

America Must Explore Alternate Energy Sources and Cease Dealing with th

America Must Explore Alternate Energy Sources and Cease Dealing with the Corrupt Saudi Government When Mohammed al-Khilewi, a upper-level official at the Saudi mission to theUnited Nations, defected to the United States in 1994, he reportedly broughtwith him fourteen thousand internal government documents. He claimed that thesedocuments turn up the Saudi royal familys corruption, human rights abuses, andfinancial and technical support for terrorist groups such as Hamas, ananti-Israeli group based in Lebanon, and Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda. Al-Khilewiand his lawyer met with two FBI agents and an associate United States attorney.We gave them a sampling of the documents and put them on the table, Michael J.Wildes, al-Khilewis lawyer, said. But the agents refused to accept them(Hersh). Al-Khilewi was granted political asylum and never heard from theAmerican government again. He, his wife, and their common chord children still live inconstant fear of reprisals from the long arm of Sau di intelligence. He now wearsa bulletproof vest and is constantly bracketed by bodyguards and lives under afalse identity. This is an example of the growing American tolerance for Saudi governmenttransgressions. Saudi princes squander billions of dollars from the Saudicoffers on palaces in Spain and at gaming tables in Monaco(Cockburn) while theSaudi people suffer severe unemployment and inadequate education, a major issuein a nation in which 50 percent of the population is still in school. Religiousdissidents are dealt with brutally and quickly in Saudi Arabia by themutawwain&emdashreligious police&emdashand Saudi women are kept as secluded andunprivileged as those in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. ... ...ays and humanrights atrocities without fear of punishment. Works CitedCockburn, Leslie, and Andrew Cockburn. Royal Mess. upstart Yorker online. 28 Nov. 1994.Available<www.newyorker.com/FROM_THE_ARCHIVE/ARCHIVES/?011015fr_archive0130 Dec. 2001. Hersh, Seymour M. Kings Ranso m. New Yorker online. 22 Oct. 2001. Available<http//newyorker.com/FACT/?011022fa_FACT1 30 Dec. 2001.Ireland, Doug. Taking the Bait. In These Times online. 12 Nov. 2001<www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/25/feature1.shtml 30 Dec. 2001.Mayer, Jane. The House of bin-Laden. New Yorker online. 11 Nov. 2001.Available <www.newyorker.com/FACT/?011112fa_FACT3 30 Dec. 2001Surowiecki, James. The Real Price of Oil. New Yorker online. 3 Dec. 2001.Available<www.newyorker.com/THE_TALK_OF_THE_TOWN/CONTENT/?011203ta_talk_surowiecki 30Dec. 2001

Home Schooling is a Better Choice

Education is considered as a wealth that other pack cannot take away from anyone. It can take an individual to far places, allow him or her to do greater things, and make it possible to have a brighter future. No matter how poor or how difficult it is to send a child to school, every parent would want to give their children a chance to have a quality education. There are some cases when a child has to be home schooled. Home-schooling is the emend alternative aside from sending a child to a normal school and it is not as dangerous as some people think it is.This is why many parents who preferred to home-school their children reacted to a parvenue court ruling that would make them criminals for schooling without credentials. This law was proposed by Justice H. Walter of the Los Angeles Second District Court of Appeal. He reasoned out that children aged sextet to 18 should attend public school unless exempted. Parents who home-school their children reacted because they believe that home-schooling is better than sending their children to public or private schools.Moreover, parents believe that they, and not the state, know better what is best for their children, including how they should be educated. In addition, parents reasoned out that since private schools do not necessarily require their teachers to have credentials, why are parents not allowed to teach their children even without a credential? (Yskamp, 2008). Home-schooling is a better option to steer children away from the dangers and the pitfalls associated with public schools (Distantschooling, 2006).Children are not at risk of bullying at school, or of alcohol and drugs or other negative influences. There is also a strengthened bonding between parents and children as they spend more(prenominal) judgment of conviction together, thus further reinforcing the family in the American society (Pride, 2009). Moreover, home-schooling enables parents to meet the unique needs of their children that will other wise be ignored in classrooms accommodating more than 30 kids. There are also parents who reported that home-schooling best fits the learning needs of their children (Yskamp, 2008).

Classroom Observation Instruments Essay

The following checklist it based off the Charlotte Danielson Framework. Teacher evaluations argon based on four components or domains. Domain 1 is preparation and planning, domain 2 is classroom environment, domain 3 is instruction, and domain 4 is professional responsibility. When completing a classroom observation, only aspects of domain 2 and domain 3 argon observable with a passing play through. The following is an evaluation checklist of things a principal willing look for while completing a classroom walk through. Sections marked with a (T) are teacher behaviors being observed, those marked with an (S) are student behaviors.Domain 2- Classroom Environment1. Creating a classroom environment of respect and ringing (T)2. Establishing a culture for learning (T)3. Managing classroom procedures (T)4. Management of student behavior (T)5. Organizing physical space (T)6. Work stations for group work (S)7. Student desks are organized and material accessible (S)Additional notes on cla ssroom environmentDomain 3 Instruction1. Communicating with students (T)2. Use of questioning and discussion techniques (T)3. zesty students in learning (T)4. Using assessment in instruction (T)5. Demonstrate flexibility and responsiveness (T)6. Whole class participation (S)7. Student Engagement/on task behavior (S)8. Confidence displayed in assessment (S)Additional notes on instructionThe above checklist is meant to be a guideline for principals to use during a walk through evaluation. Can you see the five aspects of each domain present in the classroom for teachers and the five for students? A simple yes or no will suffice. The above checklist is meant to be a guideline or springboard to complete next steps in the learning process. Those areas marked yes should be a pretend for celebration. Evaluators and teachers mountain then discuss to what extent those aspects were present during the observation.In addition to the yes or no answers for each aspect of the two domains, an ev aluator can bring through comments that fall within the domain descriptions as well. Are classroom procedures posted? That can be noted for classroom environment. What type of graphic organizer did the teacher use? That is part of an instructional strategy. The bottom part of the checklist allows the evaluator to add to the things he saw or did not see.This evaluation checklist should be copied and given straightaway to the teacher for reflection. That way the teacher has immediate feedback of what the principal observed in her classroom. This allows the educator to see what is being observed in her classroom and in her teaching. She can reflect on what aspects were not observed, adjust her teaching and include those aspects going forward. As much as it is a checklist for the evaluator, it can be used as a check-in for the teacher. If time allows, the principal should sit down and discuss the findings with the teacher, but time is not always available for this conference opportuni ty.This communication order would fall into a non-directive supervisory approach. Nondirective supervision involves the teacher being an essential part of the decision making process. While the teacher is reflecting and thinking through his actions for instructional improvement, the supervisor assists in this thinking and reflection process (Glickman& Gordon, Ross-Gordon, 2008). This is shown through the principal giving feedback, but the teacher working out the next steps on her own. The positive aspect of this type of supervision includes the teacher feeling comfortable decorous to ask their administrator for help when needed and feeling comfortableenough to take risks in their classrooms (Rettig, Lampe, and Garcia, 2000).ReferencesGlickman, C.D., Gordon, S.P., Ross-Gordon, J.M. (2014). Supervision and instructional leadership a developmental approach (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Rettig, P.R., Lampe and Garcia, P. (2000). Supervising Your Faculty with a severalise Model. The Department Chair 11(2)

Happiness Emotion Essay

Happiness is an emotion and feeling of contentment, gladness and pleasure. In some instances it may be in our might or in some other cases it may non be. Feeling of gladness is a transitory stage however, it discount turn into a long enunciate when we and our surroundings constantly adopt those practices that cause delight and pleasure. Maslow talked about long-term happiness. It can be subjective happiness or objective happiness. Maslow notion was on objective happiness. In the state of happiness our own self-deception plays a vital role. One can think of existence happy when hes not or unitary can be happy and content exclusively not aw be of this state.Some philosophers vision that the state of being happy is completely under our control. We can choose to be happy or not. The power of being happy or unhappy is a state of mind. Because some people are happy over iodin thing, while others feel just the opposite of the same thing. It depends on our daily habits and prac tices. But Maslow believed that happiness is to have a good pleasurable life that champion can achieve with his full potential. He thinks one can be happy when one is living a high-quality good life.According to Csikszentmihalyi, the philosophy of happiness in human society has always been under great controversies and discussions. Human brutality, war and scrap have caused great deal of violence, aggression and miseries in the society. Prevailing happiness in the society is not an easy task. It would require improving our relations with others. This includes e truly last(predicate) kinds of relations, relations between the nations, between different ethnic groups, between different cultures and societies. Developing relationship with others need changing our attitudes. A conflict starts when our attitude and deportment is not good with others. Keeping good attitude and behaving with others gently will only cause happiness to prevail.Harshness, brutality, rudeness, and aggressiv e attitude give rise to conflict, abhorrence and eventu eithery war. For maintaining happiness in the society, it is not only important to improve our attitudes but to protect them and promote them to guard happiness. Happiness exists when all rights of people are protected and they get justice when harm is done to them. Philosophers define happiness as not just the end of conflict but its a continuous process of developing relationships and promoting good behavior. Csikszentmihalyi gives broader view of happiness with respect to its existence and outcomes in history. He analyses how the aggression has existed in society and how happiness had evolved and been affective in prevailing tranquility in the society.Happiness exists in our feelings when our behavior inspires courteousness, love of neighborhood, sympathy, charity, if combined, defeat poverty, discrimination, abuse and other hatred attitudes. Trust in trust can overcome hatred & disgust, while it ends discrimination and d oes not foster inequity but love. Hurting, destroying and harming others spread pain. However, love halts this devastation and ends pain. The demands of nurturing and sustaining such love are very high. Respect for devotion inspires.According to Csikszentmihalyi, a happy meaningful life might be different in views of different people depending upon the achievements in different areas, which cover happiness, wealth, richness, health, love, marriage, family & relations. However, apart from these, there are spiritual and existential needs that give meaning to life. The desire to describe this meaning is not effect or overcome by relative meanings, but this comes by ultimate gift. The former is limited to specific realm of meaning, while later is permanent, whatever we attain meaninglessness continues.Our moral responsibility is the necessity and our actions take root from our decision and our own choice. For this we are going to answer in the hereafter about our plant. If our deed s are according to beau ideals law and His doctrine then we may be rewarded by Him but if our deeds are in rejection to what beau ideal created as norms of life then we can be punished by Him.A voluntary act differs from a non-voluntary one in that first one has self-conscious advertence (to turn ones attention to) to that particular action and self-choice for own causality. It has a choice that the act has been chosen by ones own awareness. Thoughtful ideas and volition consciously started, but later continued merely spontaneously, without reflective advertence remains free because there was a free choice for bringing it about by elective adoption.Lyubomirsky states that everything, which is going on in the world, is the result of some previous event, or events. Therefore, everything that exists is already in pre-determined or pre-existent state and, hence, nothing new can come into existence. This holds the view that every event is simply the result of past events. This, in turn , has doubtful and radical effects on morality, science, and religion. According to the view of Lyubomirsky anything which is going to happen in the future is unalterable and is caused by prior events. It concludes that human freedom is an illusion. let loose will is opposite to what determinism is, it is non-determination and freedom. The conscious of man are free to make genuine undetermined choices. Free will comes in a variety of types and strengths. Lyubomirsky states determination contradict free will and doctrine that it does not exist, because all events, are causally determined. Hence, our will can determine our happiness.This view shows that were in a system of parts, and strengthens the view compositional happiness, as commonly view by Christian complementariness in agreement with naturalist. According to Maslow, to build a system with happiness we must construct a physical or biological structure, and to successfully build such system, a mental life would emerge in that system.In support of this view, another philosopher suggests that to have a happy life means to have any peculiar kind of physical and emotional system. Philosophers assert that a person is system of material made up of different parts ordered in appropriate pattern. Thus, happiness may or may not be under our control. It some situations we can do things to make ourselves happy or at other times it may come without alarming.If existence is not taken into the meanings of a prosperous-being then, a society can exist without security, education and rules. But a society can never stand without any health. These terzetto basic things are regarded as the very fundamental human rights namely security, education and health. The absence of the first two destroys the society as a square but do not interfere with the individuals in a very direct way, but the absence of the third one destroys the entities of that society-the human beings itself. So health is the fundamental issue that a soci ety has to care for.A society is said to exist on three main beams, Security of individuals, Education and health. light health conditions could affect the society in a way that even the other two collectively can not do. Nothing is more concerning to a person more than his health. Health is no doubt a basic human right. This basic right of an individual is the duty of a government. Only healthy persons can contribute effectively towards a productive society.Religion inspires courteousness, love of neighborhood, sympathy, charity, if combined, defeat poverty, discrimination, abuse and other hatred attitudes. Trust in religion can overcome hatred & disgust, while it ends discrimination and does not foster inequity but love. Hurting, destroying and harming others spread pain. However, love halts this devastation and ends pain. The demands of nurturing and sustaining such love are very high. Respect for religion inspires civility of love for humanity, inspires people to trust, pray, and work diligently for a world where all people are respected.According to Lyubomirsky & Sheldon religion, especially monotheism, where God is the sole point of worship creates a direct relationship of man with God. Lyubomirsky & Sheldons writing has greatly been influenced by cosmological religiosity from in a sense though he is unable to do so as it largely relates to emotions, behavior and psychological health. He relates cosmological religiosity with human powers of love, emotions, feelings, and appraise as it is associated with the matter of soul. He stresses that cosmological religiosity is not a religious connotation but a science to deal with mental surgery in health and illness. For him, conscious and unconscious thought is not the matter of belief in God or not to believe in Him but about humanistic view of religion, his attitude, behavior and relationship with people and a positive attitude towards the society.But this humanistic definition of religion doesnt in truth e ncompass religious connotations. Though, in defining authoritarian view of religion, he is correct to some extent, where monotheism is regarded the only true form of religion while all other are deviation from this truth, he hasnt yet been able to grasp the actual meaning of religion, its important role in mans life and in his study of mind. In monotheism only one power, God, dominates, who has to be followed and respected with submission.However, he regards this type of submission as self-destruction. Here Lyubomirsky & Sheldon is proposing an incorrect view of submission to God as self-destruction, because history and facts show that this is the only way of developing a true and loving behavior with the Creator and the His creatures. The form of religion he states right i.e. humanistic, is actually not humanistic but self-indulgence and it hardly leads one to love his society and people but persons life keeps revolving around himself without realization of duty-bound to his respon sibilities and right of God and His people.Hence the three articles conclude about different views of happiness. Happiness lies in ones inner-self and how we view outside world. Our personality and psychology plays vital role that how we perceive certain things as good for us and some as bad.ReferencesA conjecture of Human Motivation by MaslowIf We Are So Rich, Why Arent We Happy? by Csikszentmihalyi Pursuing Happiness by Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schakade.

Halina Mountain Resort Part Essay

Victor Herrera, chairman of the board of Blue Heights Realty & Development Corporation, desired to launch his companys first big project, a mineral hot spring rectify at Bucal, Calamba, Laguna named Halina Mountain Resort (A). He wanted to make it as something he could leave for his family. Blue Heights Realty & Development Corporation was organized in October 1976 attached in owning, improving and managing real estate it is considered a stable company with authorized capital stock of P1 M and paid-up capital of P900T. The proposed resort was planned to establish to their 2.2 hectare overthrow in Bucal, calamba, Laguna.The land was smooth of 1.5 hectare Victor inherited from his father in 1974 and the other 700T hectare which he purchased from his commission from commodities trading. Upon the proposal of the project, Victor asked his son Victor Jr. to make a great deal and gathered enough data and information about the vicinity and its rival resort. Also, he made an application w ith the Ministry of Tourism requesting the commendation for the establishment of the resort stating his reasons for release into the resort trade. And lastly, he made a loan application for a P1.3 M with Far East bank and Trust Company however, there is no assurance if it would recognize the merit of his proposal, with a complete paper requirement, Herrera strongly believed that his project is viable & attractive and their reports are unbiased. The only problem would be the approval of his loan application with the Far East Bank and Trust Company.I. Statements of the Objective/s* To pursue the loan from the bank and continue with the desired project for the resort. * To be able to impress the management of the bank to grant their loan. * To seek ideas that depart make the Halina Mountain Resort a unique place that will stall out against its anticipated competitors.II. Central Problem/s* Loan ApplicationIII. Areas of Consideration* Strengthsi. New ideas are being brought upii. Wi de/spacious land to utilizeiii. Strong market studyiv. Road sidev. New business along the area* Weaknessesvi. Large number of competitorsvii. No enough finances to start the projectviii. New business that the banks are too meticulous to grant their loan application.ix. Limited facilities set up by the Tourism surgical incision of Laguna. * Opportunitiesx. Create new offerings that will make the resort a different one. xi. Offer packages that are affordable.xii. Apply for the approval of the Tourism Department for the additional facilities for the resort. * Threatsxiii. blow to be granted by the bank with their loan application. xiv. The public may non patronize their new resort. xv. A lot of competitors are near the area.IV. secondary Courses of Action1. Halina can present to the bank the result of the market study made by Herrera for their application of loan to be granted.*Advantagesa. It will make the resort look more competitive and strong.*Disadvantagesa. Unsure if this new business will be accepted by the public.2. Halina can make it a new moving in of business and make it a subsidiary business by their company.*Advantagesa. More funds may be used without applying a loan from the bank.*Disadvantagesa. The resort will now be a company owned.3. Halina can offer membership schemes that will generates funds for them to materialize the project.*Advantagesa. It will make the resort a nonpublic resort where members can only use the facilities of the resort.*Disadvantagesa. Limited market segment.V. Strategy FormulationI, therefore, conclude that the best solution to the problem is the alternative course of put to death no. 1, where the Halina Mountain Resort will present to the bank the studies made by their selected firm that their proposed business is a strong and competitive one. They must apologize what are the edges of their resort over their competitors that will make them a unique place to stay.VI. Plan of Action1. Set a meeting with the proper r egimen of the bank and discuss the project. 2. If approved, materialize the project and supervise well the actions taken by the people of the resort. 3. Find alternative ways to promote the resort with a minimum cost, i.e. social networking sites. 4. Always make a customer evaluation for management to know what should be improve with their services and facilities.VII. Potential Problems* What if the bank would not approve their loan application? * What if the result of the project will not turn out as planned? * What if there wont be any customers that will patronize their resort?VIII. Contingency Plan* Halina should try the alternative course no. 2 and pursue the project their company as the head company of the resort. * Find other alternatives that will make the project more attractive to the target market and create a team that will market the resort. * Offer packages that will make it more appealing to the public to try their resort.

Marketing Plan Essay

I. Background AnalysisFor 26 years, the Cabalen chain of restaurants has been the standard for excellent Filipino cuisine. Combining the freshest ingredients and the most mingy quality control, Cabalen has kept its patrons coming back for more through the consistency in Taste and Quality of its dishes served in the buffet. Balikbayans and regular patrons say that dining at a Cabalen eatery will make you feel the aunthentic traditional home-cooked food the Kapampangan way that you have not experienced for a long time in a very reasonable priced buffet. This is why Cabalen is every familys all-time and leading buffet favorite for 25 years now.II. IntroductionCabalen Restaurant is a casual and amiable restaurant of molave wood tables and chairs and folk songs playing in the background, Cabalen serves up traditional Filipino entrees heavy on influences from the Campanga region of Central Luzon. Cabalen, which literally translates to a fellow Capampangan, is a group of casual fine dinin g restaurants known for authentic Capampangan dishes and different Filipino specialties, originating from Pampanga. This province is known to food connoisseurs as the seat of sumptuous food and delicacies while the Capampangans are widely known as people with good taste and innate cooking talent. These factors contributed to the eventual comport of Cabalen, the Capampangan specialty restaurants. Philippine Cuisine has evolved over several centuries, influenced by East Asian Indian, Malay, Chinese, Spanish and American cooking. Filipinos traditionally eat three main meals a day- almusal (breakfast), tanghalian (lunch), and hapunan (dinner) plus an afternoon snack called merienda. Dishes range from a simple meal of fried fish and rice to rich paellas and cocidos.Popular dishes include lechn (whole roasted pig),longanisa (native sausage), tapa (beef jerky), torta (omelette), adobo (chicken and/or pork braised in garlic), soy sauce, and acetum or cooked until Dry for the Visayan variet y), kaldereta (goat in tomato stew), mechado (beef or pork cooked in tomato sauce, pochero (beef in bananas and tomato sauce), afritada (chicken cooked in tomato sauce and veggies), kare-kare (oxtail and vegetables cooked in peanut sauce), crispy pata (deep-fried pigs foot), hamonado (pork sweetened in pineapple sauce), sinigang (pork, fish, or shrimp in tamarind stew),pancit (stir-fried noodles), lumpia (fresh or fried spring rolls).Typical dishes include bopiz (kidney), Gatang Kohol (snails in coconut milk), Ensalata Ampalaya (a bitter vegetable with garlic and ginger), and laing (a root vegetable in coconut milk. Theres also choices of pork, beef, and fish stews, as well as Chinese influenced fried Lumpia, Pinakbet (noodles), and Adobos (traditional barbeque). Finish off with some local anaesthetic ice cream or one of the rice-based puddings (yam, corn, or plain milk), or the fried banana.III. HistoryCabalen family issueed in 1974 in San Fernando, Pampanga as a small Bahay Pas alubong Restaurant selling specialty food dishes, then grew into a restaurant called Ituro Mo, Iluto Ko. In 1986, the first Cabalen Eat-all-you-Can, Eat-all-you-Want Restaurant was opened in West Avenue, Quezon City that ushered the refinement .to more outlets. Gradually it became the most popular buffet restaurant in the Philippines. Many Kapampangan festivals display an indigenous flavor unique only to the Kapampangan people. Consider the Curaldal or street dancing that accompanies the Feast of Santa Lucia in Sasmuan or the Aguman Sanduk were men cross-dress as women to welcome the New Year in Minalin or the Batalla Festival to reenact the battle between the native Muslim Moor and the new colonist Native Capampangan Christians, the historical battle between the two religious native Kapampangans.They start the battle in Ugtung-aldo or afternoon and they end it in Sisilim or sunset with the tune of what Macabebeanons and Masantuleios called BATTALA Masantol, Macabebe and Lubao. Th e Pistang Danum of the barrios of Pansinao, Mandasig, Lanang and Pasig in Candaba where food is served on floating banana loads on the waters of the Pampanga River was originally a non-Christian holiday that is now made to coincide with the baptism of Christ. The Kapampangan New Year or Bayung Banwa that welcomes the coming of the monsoons and the start of the planting period is made to coincide with the banquet of John the Baptist. The colourful Apung Iru fluvial procession of Apalit, once a thanksgiving celebration in honour of the river, has become the feast of Saint Peter.The most dramatic festivals can be witnessed during the Mal ay Aldo, which is the Kapampangan expression of the Holy Week. These include the erection of a temporary shrine known as the puni where the pasion or the story of Christs suffering is chanted in archaic Kapampangan. The melody of the Kapampangan pasion was said to have been taken from their traditional epic, whose original words were woolly-headed and replaced by the story of Christ. The highlight of the mal ay aldo celebration is the procession of the magdarame orsasalibatbat penitents covered in blood from self-flagellation.Some of them even have themselves crucified every Good Friday at the arid up swamp of barrio Cutud in San Fernando. Kapampangan cuisine, or Lutung Kapampangan, has gained a favourable reputation among other Philippine ethnic groups. Some popular Kapampangan dishes that have become mainstays crosswise the country include sisig, kare-kare, tocino or pindang and their native version of the longaniza. Other Kapampangan dishes which are an acquired taste for the other ethnic groups include buru (fish fermented in rice), betute tugak (stuffed frogs), adobung kamaru (mole crickets sauteed in vinegar and garlic), estofadong barag (spicy stewed monitor lizard), sisig,calderetang asu (spicy dog stew), sigang liempu, dagis a tinama(marinated rats), laman panara and bobotu.IV. Marketing OrientationThe Cabalen Bu ffet Restaurant was Affordable and Easy to Go. They have Different Foods. You have so umpteen options to eat its either you want deserts, sea foods, meats, chicken and vegetables. It is a good Buffet Restaurant because, the place is near on the transportation area, so that you can easily go there. And also, they had a good serving and nice crews.

Agriculture Education Essay

An interim development plan was prepared for undergraduate and postgraduate studies. It was agreed that the iii existing courses in plant-breeding and genetics provided an adequate scientific background in this field and that precession should now go to fruit and vegetable production. To this end, two saucily courses should be added so that the overall course would include vegetable ontogeny, vegetable production (two courses) and seed production. 5- 19.In vegetable growing, in addition to the existing areas of definition, classification, flaw and climatic requirements, the Faculty should add rotation, green manuring and kitchen garden cultivation. The two courses in vegetable production would give time for major set outs to be dealt with in greater detail and for more practical training. The area in Sind under vegetable cultivation is increasing steadily as farmers realise its value for cash crops, and the yield is still very low. This is due mainly to lack of knowledge and experience (which the agricultural extension services could provide) and a lack of good seed.2 0. A course in vegetables, fruit and ornamental plant seed production should be offered. Students would learn how to collect, harvest, clean, dry, pack and store seeds and they would study seed dormancy, sprouting and treatment, together with methods of breeding self and cross-pollinated crops. Postgraduate Curricula 21. The present postgraduate curricula cover horticultural plant nutrition, plant propagation and fruit production (two p arts). This pull through should be replaced by two new courses (a) the soil and water relations of horticultural plants (b) temperature and water relations of horticultural plants.Optional courses should be introduced for M. Sc. students to supply them with superfluous information needed in their fields of study. Options could include courses on major horticultural crops and general courses on the improvement of horticultural plants, on growth regulators and on protected cultivation. As well-nigh research experiments on vegetables must be conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute at Mirpurkhas, 30 miles away, it was decided that priority should be given to airlift vegetable crops at Malir, the university Farm,to provide the Horticultural Department with the facilities needed for research.Vegetable Crops (1) Objectives and Methods 22. The main objectives of the Horticultural Department in growing vegetable crops were to provide practical training for staff, students and labourers to become familiar with problems of vegetable production in Sind to evaluate crops and varieties, and seed production. It was planned to start by employ two acres in the horticultural garden for growing most of the vegetable crops for practical training, and four acres at Malir Farm for a four-year crop rotation.Winter vegetables, carrots, radishes, turnips, cauliflowers, spinach and beet, were grown in the garden. The local varieties were identif ied, evaluated, weighed and measured. Promising varieties of radish, carrot and onion could be improved by breeding. All peas and spinach were of poor quality, most of the peas being dwarf types, with an average plant height of only ten twelve inches. 6- The spinach varieties were prickly-seeded and, during the shortest winter days, started flowering early. The seed stalks had an extreme male-type of inflorescence.Seed of selected desirable varieties of peas and spinach should be imported. (2) Growing Methods (a) Trailed Tomatoes 2 4. Trailing tomatoes were tried in the open local and imported varieties were deep-rooted and supported by iron stakes, galvanised equip and plastic string. Students and labourers were trained to tie the vines to strings, to pinch and remove auxiliary shoots and to apply fertilisers. The trial was successful, the plants standing well throughout the season and bearing -heavily. Later, owing to virus diseases on some vines, all plants were removed and burnt.A second trial was begun in the summer, the tomato vines being shaded by luffa plants ridge gourd (luffa acutangula) and wash gourd (luffa aegyptica) the small luffa fruit being edible. (b) Soil-level mulches 2 5. Cucurbits bitter gourd (mermodica charanta), tinda or Indian squash (citrullos vulgaris, var fistulosa), tori (luffa s p. ), cucumber and cantalope were grown- early. Seeds were planted on December 21st in hillocks on raised beds covered with clear polyethylene film to form soil-level mulches.Two weeks later, seed emergence was observed, with a minimum temperature o f 6 C. Minimum and maximum temperatures and germination percentages were recorded. (c) Plastic tunnels 2 6. Plastic walk-in and mini-tunnels were made of local materials. The mini-tunnels were used for raising nursery plants and for getting tomato, pepper and egg-plant seedlings They gave high germination percentages and well-established seedlings. The walk-in tunnels were used for trailed tomatoes a nd for cucumbers, temperature and humidity data being recorded.

Asthma

Im talking about bronchial bronchial asthma attack. A distemper that the Department of Health and Human Services has defined as a continuing lung disease that inflames and narrows the air hoses. Speaker Credibility I have suffered from asthma. Through the years it has slowly subsided but I call in having to carry my inhaler with me e rattlingwhere I went. I also remember nights when I couldnt quiet because I would have coughing fits and I could feel my chest strictening, making it harder for me to breathe. Preview Tonight I want to inform you about asthma.First, Ill talk about the symptoms of asthma. Second, Ill tell you about several(prenominal) of the causes and lastly, Ill sh be some of the intercessions. novelty Lets start by talking about some of the symptoms of asthma. Body dJakfJkJdslJfslkJdfl Asthma hindquarters be easily triggered by many things. One persons triggers trick be precise different foreshore of someone else with asthma. agree to the Ameri sack Lung Oscillation in that location are four main causes which include genetics, allergies, respiratory Infection or disconsolate weather such(prenominal) as high humidity, or cold and dry air.About 80% of plenty with asthma have allergies to learnable substances Like grass, mold or dust. Transitions The violence of all possible asthma triggers washstand be difficult and even If an asthmatic sermon Is able to tolerate one trigger, encountering a combination of them rear end have an asthmatic suddenly slang for air. Thats why treatment and prevention are so authorized to keep asthma under control. The most used treatment for asthma are Inhaled medication. alas on that point Is no definite cure for It.The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology as mentioned that one of the most potent treatments for asthma Is the aspiration of corticosteroids, which are Inflammatory medication control for asthma. This medicine Is for a long circumstance ministration and can als o be taken as a pill form If asthma Is very protestant. It helps bring down the swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain Inhaled substances. A second choice of treatment can be a short acting Inhaled beta agonies for a quick imprint. This Inhaler helps relax tight muscles more or less your airway to let alarm flow more easily. Asthma By narcissistically According to the American Lung Associating there are four main causes which include genetics, allergies, respiratory infection or bad weather such as high airborne substances like grass, mold or dust. Transitions The avoidance of all possible asthma triggers can be difficult and even if an asthmatic sermon is able to suddenly gassing for air. Thats why treatment and prevention are so important to The most used treatment for asthma are inhaled medication. regrettably there is no definite cure for it.The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology as mentioned that one of the most effective treatments for asthm a is the inhalation of corticosteroids, which are inflammatory medication control for asthma. This medicine is for a long term relief and can also be taken as a pill form if asthma is very persistent. It helps reduce the swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances. A second choice of treatment can be a short acting inhaled beta agonies for a quick relief. This inhaler helps relax tight muscles around your airway to let air flow more easily.AsthmaIm talking about asthma. A disease that the Department of Health and Human Services has defined as a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Speaker Credibility I have suffered from asthma. Through the years it has slowly subsided but I remember having to carry my inhaler with me everywhere I went. I also remember nights when I couldnt sleep because I would have coughing fits and I could feel my chest tightening, making it harder for me to breathe. Preview Tonight I want to inform you about as thma.First, Ill talk about the symptoms of asthma. Second, Ill tell you about some of the causes and lastly, Ill share some of the treatments. Transition Lets start by talking about some of the symptoms of asthma. Body dJakfJkJdslJfslkJdfl Asthma can be easily triggered by many things. One persons triggers can be very different foreshore of someone else with asthma. According to the American Lung Oscillation there are four main causes which include genetics, allergies, respiratory Infection or bad weather such as high humidity, or cold and dry air.About 80% of people with asthma have allergies to learnable substances Like grass, mold or dust. Transitions The violence of all possible asthma triggers can be difficult and even If an asthmatic sermon Is able to tolerate one trigger, encountering a combination of them can have an asthmatic suddenly slang for air. Thats why treatment and prevention are so Important to keep asthma under control. The most used treatment for asthma are Inhal ed medication. Unfortunately there Is no definite cure for It.The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology as mentioned that one of the most effective treatments for asthma Is the Inhalation of corticosteroids, which are Inflammatory medication control for asthma. This medicine Is for a long term relief and can also be taken as a pill form If asthma Is very protestant. It helps reduce the swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain Inhaled substances. A second choice of treatment can be a short acting Inhaled beta agonies for a quick relief. This Inhaler helps relax tight muscles around your airway to let alarm flow more easily. Asthma By narcissistically According to the American Lung Associating there are four main causes which include genetics, allergies, respiratory infection or bad weather such as high airborne substances like grass, mold or dust. Transitions The avoidance of all possible asthma triggers can be difficult and even if an asthmatic sermon is a ble to suddenly gassing for air. Thats why treatment and prevention are so important to The most used treatment for asthma are inhaled medication. Unfortunately there is no definite cure for it.The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology as mentioned that one of the most effective treatments for asthma is the inhalation of corticosteroids, which are inflammatory medication control for asthma. This medicine is for a long term relief and can also be taken as a pill form if asthma is very persistent. It helps reduce the swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances. A second choice of treatment can be a short acting inhaled beta agonies for a quick relief. This inhaler helps relax tight muscles around your airway to let air flow more easily.

History of Africa

The Birthplace of humankindity All mountain be roughly akinly to be desc deathents of beings who lived in Africa millions of years ago. Fossils and genetic evidence nominate t don both(prenominal) humans and the forest dwelling great apes descended from a common ape alike ancestor who lived in Africa 5 to ten-spot million years ago. The earliest kn avow hominids to which humans belong were the australopithecines, which emerged ab reveal quatern million years ago. Recently scientists pee-pee ensn atomic number 18 adult male habilis dodos in the Caucasus region of Confederate Europe. A more than advanced human, Homo erectus, unfold pull down farther from Africa.According to a multiregional model, model human evolved by means ofout Africa. Africa provides a comprehensive and contiguous time line of human exploitation going patronage at to the lowest degree 7 million years. Africa gave humanity the use of fire a million and fractional to two million years ago. It is the home of the prototypal tools, astronomy, jewelry, fishing, mathematics, crops, art, use of pigments, cutting and opposite pointed inst queerents and animal jejuneness. In compact Africa gave the world human civilization. This is 1st importance to me because you must know where you communication channelated from before each(prenominal)thing else.It is classic to look that African Americans were tout ensemble born in Africa before they were const scratch downed to move from their homeland. The slave consider in Africa While rough slaves shipped to Europe and America had previously been African slaves, many enslaved had been innocent bystanders. It was non whimsical for the Europeans to hide and wait for an African to come along, and then kidnap him. The retrieval of slaves was in addition takeed done Africans convicted of a crime. It was in addition likely for Africans of a tribe to be captured by an enemy tribe as a prisoner of war and then exchanged for go ods.This lasted from the 15th to the nineteenth century, devastating the lives of at least ten to twenty million Africans. All forced into foreign enslavement, exported in exchange for imported goods. This is known as the slave trade. During their voyage slaves were g everywherened by a system of fear, torture, and brutalization. This type of system was enforced by the pack in rewrite to contain the slaves who were desperate, afraid, and would usurp any opportunity to regain their unaffectionatedom by overthrowing the conspiracy in order to obtain chink of the ship.In Africa, before they were forced aboard the slavers, once they were captured, the slaves were fastened together to prevent escape. After the right amounts of slaves were kidnapped, they would then be taken to slave factories in which their invoke and property of health would be examined. The measure of their strength and well-being analyzed. If the slave happened to fail this examination, he would be set free a nd would not conduct to endure the horror aboard the slavers. The horror of hundreds upon hundreds of slaves packed tightly together.The torridness of the climate enclosed within a hold in which one slave crowded upon an different(prenominal) could bargonly move resulting in an unyielding amount of perspiration amongst the slaves. The air becoming unsuitcapable, for breathing, from a fleck of abhorrent odors, causing the death of many. The slave trade is the 2nd most classical because here we wise to(p) how the Africans were captured from their homeland and forced to become slaves. The tenderness Passage The first slave ship was built in Massachusetts, 1637.In which the ships, as well known as slavers, would sail from America to western United States Africa in exchange for goods. The Europeans too took a great part in the transportation of African slaves across the Atlantic and once the becoming number of slaves were acquired aboard a slaver they would set out for sail any where from five weeks to 3 months, heading back to America or Europe where many slaves would be sold at a slave auction to the highest bidder. This border is recognized as the Middle Passage.Slaves had to endure many injustices, much(prenominal) as suffocation, brutalization, fear, rape, and hopelessness among another(prenominal)s. there was also disease microscopicpox, scurvy, dysentery, and more. These diseases often openinging from slaves to the crew, killing a myriad of great deal. along this journey many slaves put together themselves in a state of fixed-melancholy. As they precept in that location was no longer a reason to live. At this point some slaves would jump off the ship and go on under water, until they kil direct themselves. Others would starve themselves to death.This causing the captain to resort to drastic measures, for fear of losing his valuable cargo. The slaves who chose to starve themselves would be force-fed or tortured, if not both. Africans wou ld often be forced to eat with what is called a speculum orum, a device which held the let the cat out of the bag open. They could not even escape enslavement through death. The Africans that remained healthy were put on display at public auctions and examined in a ridiculous and humiliating manner. A buyer index lick the Africans bring up to determine the ge of the slave, or taste his sweat to decipher if he was healthy. Once they were purchased, who was to say they would bring a kind owner. If Americans and Europeans had used such a harsh manner to obtain slaves, it was probably around impossible for slaves to believe that once they were in America or Europe that in that respect would be an improvement. The Middle passage to me is the 3rd important because we learned how Africans were treated and their living conditions during the transportation to be sold as slaves.Plantation Slavery Seasoning When African Slaves reached the Americas, the slave ship crews prepared them for sale by washing, paring all their body hair, and rubbing them with palm oil to disguise sores and wounds caused by conditions on board. They were trained not to resist having all move of their bodies examinedespecially their re procreative organs, and sometimes were allotted a little rum to liven their spirits. The Slaves newborn World Ordealcalled Seasoningwas for the purpose of increasing their sale price.Once Slaves had departed through the Seasoning process this meant that, among other things, they had survived the first attack of New World diseases and were molded into productive Slaves by means of having been hardened to a strange climate to the immunities of diseases, and to the indescribable severity of toil as plantation Slaves. Seasoning was similar to a prolonged and inhumane way of breaking horses. The Seasoning process began on the auction blocka rottenly frightening process.Once sold, despite having been branded with the traders shekels in Africa, the new owner br anded them with his mark. Then the Slaves were taken to the worse of locations as, for example, to plantations at rivers edges where there were swarms of mosquitoes, parasites, and other new env compressmental challenges. Seasoning consisted of brutal methods of physical and psychological conditioningso brutal, in fact, that 7% to 50% of the Slaves are estimated to defy died within their one to seven years of the Seasoning period.Actually, the average invigoration expectancy for an imported Slave was only seven years. mankindy died in the first few weeks or months from dysentery, malnutrition, several(prenominal) types of worm infections, change of diet and climate, and the White mans diseases. One reason is that the Slaves were terribly weakened by the trauma of the Middle Passage voyage and the addition of exposure to diseases, inadequate nutrition, deplorable water, work exhaustion from being unaccustomed to the sunrise-to-sunset gang repel, and cruelty were simply whelm.I mmediately, new owners and their overseers obliterated the identities of their fresh acquired Slaves by breaking their pass ons and by severing any bonds with their African past. Such occurred while the Slaves were being forced to adapt to new and horrendous functional and living conditions to learn a new language and to ingest new customs. The 4th important aspects of slavery I believe was seasoning where Africans were brainwashed to forgetting where they came from Africans were forced to neglect the new life that was ahead of them. As seen in Roots) annunciation of license The Declaration of In colony is a famous document for many reasons. It declared the colonies independence from Great Britain. It stated basic rights and liberties for Americans. The French used the ideals behind the Declaration as a model for their own revolution in 1789. As time went by, the ideals behind all men are created equal grew in importance. Northern states used them to free slaves in their stat es. Abraham Lincoln used equal rights to justify the war against slavery. In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. tood on the travel of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C In his famous speech he repeated the ideals of the Declaration that all men are created equal. The Declaration failed to address slaves. While it was the culture of the time for men (and plainly men) to be involved in politics, slavery was a different issue. Jefferson and the lay outing fathers left slavery out because they knew they needed the support of the siemens. While the North didnt really care (at this point, they were not morally against it, but not for it any) Southern life was based on the institution of slavery.So to avoid the drama of slavery (which we saw what happened in 1861) they left out slavery. Its not right, but it allowed all 13 colonies to support the Declaration, and this was tremendously important because the colonies needed to put up a united front against Britain. Last but not least was the declaration of Independence that created every man equal this was the trick that most African Americans fell for they fantasy that this applied to them but it didnt because African Americans were not considered equal to whites so they remained slaves. storey of AfricaBy the end of the course/unit the learner should be able to I) Explain why Africa is the cradle of humankind. II) Describe the personal credit line and reading of horticulture, mining and manufacturing. Ill) talk over rise and fall of aboriginal civilizations of Egypt, More and Exam. V) Describe the emergence and spread of Bantu, Clutches and Entities v) Explain the growth of local and regional trade. V) Discuss the economic contacts with the outside world vii) Discuss the coming and impact of Islam and Christianity in Africa viii) Discuss decentralized and centralized states in Africa. Content I) Early Man in Africa. ) The fount and development of Agriculture Where it originated from How it spread to Afri ca Theories of diffusion, evolution, innovation Importance of Agricultural transformation In Africa l) Orally and development of beseech Technology The theories and myths that surround origin and spread of conjure engine room. Effects of crusade Technology on Africa v) The rise and fall of earlyish civilizations of Egypt, More and Exam v) Emergence and spread of Bantu, Cushiest and Milestones VI) ontogenesis of Local and regional trade vii) Economic contacts with the outside world Slave alternate in West Africa Abolitionist processConsequences of Slave Trade The coming of Islam and Christianity In Africa x) phylogenesis of political systems Decentralized and centralized states melt down Evaluation Course evaluation will be in two separate continuous sagaciousness and the final assignment constituting 30 marks. The final examination will account for 70% of the total marks. As part of the learning process, a lot of seriousness is attached to class attendance and contributio n. REFERENCES Crystal D. (1981). The quaint Egyptians. London E. Arnold. Davidson Basil (1973).The Growth of African Civilization vitamin E and exchange Africa in the Late 19th Century. London Longing. Gaff Hoses (1985). A History of Africa. London Zed Books. July Robert W. (1992). A History of the Ancient People. Nairobi atomic number 99 Educational Publishers. Matthias A. Gut and Simon Kinkajou (1991). An Introduction to African African History. Nairobi Nairobi University Press. General History of Africa II Ancient Mozart G. (1990). Civilization of Africa. London Heinlein Kenya. Got B. A. (deed. ). (1992). General History of Africa V Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Oxford Henchman.Indies C. (1990). Themes in World History Book 1. Nairobi Longing Kenya. Potts M. J. (1971). Makers of Civilization Book 1. London Rodney W. (1972). How Europe develop Africa. Dark-SE- Tanzania Publishing House. 1. 0 The Origin of Man in Africa Africa is the cradle of humankind salaam The question of the origin of humans is pertinent not only in Africa but in the world all over. It is and so important to answer this question before analyzing the history of Africa. Charles Darwin (1809-1882), an Englishman, make a scientific trip in 1831 to South America and the Pacific Islands.In this expedition, he spent time to study rocks and other geographical features. Consequently, he published his theories on evolution in 1859 in a book entitled The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Darnings theory states that all living things evolved over millions of years from simple living cells to complex plants and animals. Scientific evidence supports Darnings theory which states that man was originally a primate but gradually evolved over years from his ape-like ancestors. Archaeological evidence in particular, points to Africa as being the possible cradle of humankind.Many archeologic sites befool been discovered in Africa. This confirms that early homini ds were living in the sphere even before the earth movements that led to the formation of the Rift Valley. Dust and lava covered places where man lived. The location of these rest formed study archaeological sites in EAI. Some of the important archaeological sites in Africa include Rushing Island, Fort Tehran intimately Jericho, Ukrainians, Gambles Cave, Largesse, Harry Hills nest Nassau, Negro River Caves and Kankakee. The oldest mud found in Kenya were those of thyrotrophic Africans.These were discovered at Rushing Island in L. Victoria. The creature was named Proconsul and looked like a chimpanzee had long teeth and had a smooth forehead. In 1961, the remains of Snappishness were discovered at Fort Tehran near Jericho by Dry. Louis Leaky and his wife Mary. The fossil remains were dated surrounded by 15-12 million years old. Other similar remains form since been found at Sambas Hills, Lake Barring and Lake Turban Basins. Snappishness is believed to take for been close se t(predicate) to man in several aspects.He had 32 teeth and his canines were smaller than earlier hominids. He had a brain size of ICC, massive Jaws, weighed between 18-keg and once in a while on two legs. Other important remains found in Africa are those of Astrophysicists / Conjurations Southern Ape which lived between 1 7 million years ago. The remains were found at L. Turban in 1969 by and by having been discovered earlier tatting in Botswana in 1924 and Latvia Gorge in 1959. Astrophysicists walked on two legs was hairy, short and strong about 1. Meters, had low forehead and deep- set eyes, had brain mental ability of 450-ICC, had sharp vision, had massive Jaws with spectacular molars and smaller canines and made and used tools referred to as Lowdown tools. Recent findings near Jennys Marionette River near Lake Turban and Lordliest near L. Magic indicate that hominids such as Homo habits (1. 8 and . 5 million years ago) and Homo erects (1. 8 million to 350 000 years ago) are possible direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens, and lived in Kenya in the Pre- Neolithic epoch.During excavations at Lake Turban in 1984, paleontologists Richard Leaky assisted by Kamala Kim discovered the Turban boy, a 1. 6-million- year-old fossil belonging to Homo erects. Homo erects means the upright man and was believed to have a large brain (775-check) than homo habits (500-ICC). They had a more advanced speech, about Ft tall, had discovered and used fire, were omnivorous and made more advanced tools called Caecilian tools. Remains of Homo sapiens which mean thinking or intelligent man have been found near L.Turban, Kankakee and L. Victoria. He about Ft tall, brain capacity of 1000-check, small teeth with a steep and well-rounded forehead, was a fisherman, religious and made refined tools called microfilms. This overwhelming evidence goes a long way to prove that Africa was inhabited by early man. It should also be noted that more evidence concerning early man continues to be unearthed with time. 2. 0 The origin and development of Agriculture and Agricultural Revolution 2. 1 Introduction Agriculture is the cultivation of crops and taming of animals.Knowing how to cultivate food and tame animals seems to have been a long history of human cultural adaptation of probably trial and error which eventually made man to control his env pressment. Agricultural revolution on the other hand was the change from dependence on hunting and gathering of eatable fruits and roots as well as fishing to domestication of animals and cultivation of food. The development of Agriculture initiated one of the most important revolutions in human history. It led to major changes in mans relationship with his env contractment and in his social, economic and lattice organization and behavior. . 2 Theories of Origin and development of Agriculture For a long time, Resurrection apprentices recounted the origins of Agriculture from a whose claim is that Africa had no single site whe re factory farm originated but Africans got the fellowship through interaction with the so called Hammiest of the Near eastmost, in Mesopotamia to be precise. It was through such interaction that the companionship came to Egypt through the Nile Valley, and then it spread to the rest of Africa. This Diffusion Theory seems to be legitimate because some products seem not to have been tamed in Africa.For example, we are certain and sure of chicken. too it is certain that cattle, south of the Sahara, came from outside either from Libya, North Africa or Asia Minor. Archaeological evidence and their radio-carbon dates have also unequivocally established an early start of cereal farming in the Middle East. At the similar time, the services of farming in supporting complex civilizations considerd that the seemingly less efficient hunter-gatherer societies were quicker to take advantage of a more efficient food producing economy than more efficient hunter-gatherer societies.It step forwarded therefore that Agriculture had been invented during a short interval at a single point from which it spread quickly and totally across the world. Increasingly, this concept of rapid revolutionary change has come into question. To begin with, there were many crops and agricultural methods that intelligibly did not have a Middle-East origin. In Africa hoe and digging-stick cultivation has always predominated while the use of mounds and ridges remains characteristic of wetter regions. Many African crops have also been identified.For example, the cereal Theft and the banana like Onset in Ethiopia or the West African millet known as Font. Conceivably, the methods of cultivation of sorghum and millet might have spread from the Middle East via Egypt, but this hardly takes into account the techniques for growing rice or yams, both indigenous of the regions below the Sahara, both raised by methods far removed from those of the Middle East. referable to inadequate evidence to s upport the above contention and new discoveries that some products were indigenous to Africa while others were not, wet down the Diffusion Theory.Since the end of World War 2, much light has been thrown on the origin of Agriculture in various parts of the world including North and South America, South East Asia and also the African contributions in the history of Agriculture. Advocates of this new revelation are referred to as Evolutionist theorists or Independent developed Theorists. According to Evolutionist or Independent Developed Theory, agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world particularly along river valleys. Independent developed theorists have suggested various centers which they belief were the cradle of Agriculture.thither are probably 4 centers of early plant and animal domestication. Such centers yielded different varieties of plants and animals. It is important to examine such areas and he factors that make such scholars to observe that the y are original places for the origin of Agriculture. The Near East The area is hypothesized by a wide range of archaeologists and botanists as the centre of some domesticated animals and plants. These areas cover South West Iran, parts of Iraq, Turkey and around rivers Tigris and Euphrates. They are believed to be homeland of wheat, barleycorn, sheep, pigs and cattle.This centre is slackly considered to be the oldest centre of agricultural development in the world it occurred as early as 9000 SC. South East Stats argued that the area allowed for the invention of agriculture because it had favorable conditions such as plenty of water mass that allowed populations to do fishing which in turn allowed them time to invent domestication and cultivation. Domesticated animals such as pigs, fowls, geese and elude are argued to have been the first vehement animals to be domesticated. The author also argues that this was the first area to domesticate yams and taro (a starchy root plant).He further argues that yams found their way into Africa through East African coastal trade while crops like bananas came in from here and were taken to Began and later to the West African regions. The New World This centre lies between Mexico and Peru and here the American Indian population developed maize and potatoes. Africa The scholar who first proposed this region was a Russian agronomist, N. L. Pavlov. Various regions of Africa have been proposed in this argument. 1. West Africa The most important plant remains discovered here were those of yams and palm oil.In this region a different type of yam called Discover yam and which was general in the region had no counterpart in any other part of the world. Hence scholars have concluded that West African region is the cradle of Discover yam. excessively here is West African millet known as font which is not found anywhere else in the world. 2. Mauritania In this centre, there was found a special type of millet which has never been fo und in any other part of the world like the Discover yam in West Africa. Scholars have also concluded that such a variety of millet was first domesticated in this area. . Ethiopia In this centre, there was found a cereal Theft and the banana like Onset in Ethiopia which were different from other types found in other areas. Also Voile carried out his research from 1952 to 1965 and concluded that Ethiopia seem to have been the anomaly of sorghum, wheat, barley and coffee. His conclusions have been challenged by scholars like Elizabeth Scheming and Philips D. W. Who have argued against Ethiopia being the cradle of these crops. They insist that the conditions in Ethiopia are not favorable for plants like Barley and wheat. 2. Spread of Agriculture in Africa Most scholars maintain that there are three main phases of agricultural spread in Africa. In the First Phase they argue cereal agriculture was developed in the pooh-pooh Nile Valley and the Fumy Depression. The diffusion from the Nea r East (about 5000 o BBC) of wheat and barley eventually resulted in Africans population explosion. Probably less than 20, 000 hunters and gatherers could have occupied the Lower Nile area before the introduction of Agriculture but about BBC the labor force for pyramid construction alone exceeded 100, 000.Today Egypt is still one of the densely populated areas in the world. Population growth was accompanied by widespread arbitration and the development of more elaborate forms of social, economic and political organization. Populations spread slowly through Africa, north and south of the Sahara and up to the Nile Valley as far south as modern Khartoum. It is generally understood that the Sahara was capable of supporting both Agriculture and pastoralist until approximately BBC, the time that the desert conditions had become unwaveringly established.Some feel that interactions between Negroes populations innovations flowing in both directions. The Second Phase advocates that agricultur e was developed in the Satanic Belt (from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ethiopians Highlands). This important agricultural knowledge is generally felt to have come from Egypt, although the implementation of these ideas depended upon the domestication f suitable drought resistant cereals of the Savannah like sorghum, millet and rice. These developments resulted in a second but much slower build-up population in black Africa.Much of this development was jailed to the Satanic Belt hemmed in on the north by the progressively drying Sahara and on the south by the equatorial forests where Savannah crops were unsuitable. The Nile swamps probably prevented direct spread to the East African grasslands but some crops began to appear subsequently 1000 BC in various locations from present day Kenya south to Zambia and southern Angola. This was most likely the result of the spread of Ethiopians forms of millet and sorghum. These pockets of agricultural fall downments were to play an important rol e in Bantu migrations.The more humid regions of Africa (Congo Basin, Guiana Coast, Great Lakes Region and parts of the Zambia Valley) were to remain mainly hunting and gathering areas, with perhaps some form of cultivation based on yams and palm oil until the beginning of the Christian era. Compared to the other African Savannah, there has been generally lack of indigenous food plants in the African Rain Forests. The settlements of the rain forests over the past 2000 years had therefore depended to a greater extent on the introduction of food crops from outside.The third phase was the Bantu migrations and spread of Agriculture to the humid areas of Africa. This was very significant because it led to the present spread of distribution of population in Africa. This spread of Agriculture to the more humid regions has been linked to a junto of three factors, namely introduction of South East Asian crops in Africa, the growth of iron engine room and the migration of the Bantu speaking great deals who occupy nearly all of Africa south of the Equator. 4 The Impact of Agricultural Revolution The revolution was one of the most significant steps in human history for it changed mans life tremendously. As some people became pastoralist, looking after sheep, goats, cattle and camels, the majority took up mixed farming with wide range of social, economic and political implications. To begin with, rearing animals and cultivation of crops freed man from reliance on the environment as adequate food was produced usually with surplus to be stored.Secondly, scientific knowledge increased. As knowledge on domestication increased, hybrid plants and livestock ere developed. In many cases entirely new crops were developed from the wild species. Thirdly, methods of cultivation were improve. In the beginning, digging sticks were used but later ploughs were devised. Inadequate rainfall did not ill affect production, especially in areas near permanent water courses since irrigation was practiced. Fourthly, high food supplies freed many people from farming to other activities.There was division of labor as other members of society worked in pottery baske sift black-smiths and other related crafts as well as other professions like medicine and administration. Fifthly, forests were destroyed as more land was brought under cultivation. Sixthly, trade developed as people exchanged life since cultivation requisite patience before planted crops were harvested. Since unnecessary migrations and movements were minimized and diets improved, it was now possible to localize the supply of food. another(prenominal) social impact was population explosion.The increase in population which was as a result of improved food security and health. This in turn led to population movements from their earlier settled areas. Furthermore, there was development of religion. Man perceived that there were there forces that determined the yields from the farm such as the sun and rain and sta rted worshipping such phenomena. In the political sphere, government was developed as the population grew so as to have effective control of the increased population and avoid serious problems.Laws were thus instituted and enacted and self appointed or acclaimed rulers enforced them. Eventually kingdoms and empires with defined spheres of influence were established. 2. 5 Conclusion It was the Agricultural revolution and use of Iron engine room that made the early settlers in Africa to master their environment and prompted successful migration to ewe and unknown lands. In any case, the history of agricultural revolution and Iron engine room generally referred to as the Neolithic Revolution, show that Africa had its own development and was not isolated from the rest of the world.Africa was not a dark continent. 3. 0 Origin and Development of Iron Technology 3. 1 Introduction When dealing with the introduction of Iron technology and agriculture, we always come across the term Neolit hic which is used in two versions to fit our purposes. First, it means the technological advance whereby the experts endeavour to reconstruct how pottery, stone and metals, especially iron were made. Secondly, its meaning turns out to be economic and here experts try to reconstruct the agricultural aspects of human life entailing rearing of animals and cultivation of crops.In brief, Neolithic Revolution deals with technological and agricultural developments which are two distinct aspects of human life. This topic focuses on the history of Iron technology in Africa. Although technology in Africa started with the science of making stone tools which went through various phases through space and time, our topic will harp on metallurgy and iron technology to be specific for the major fact that it was the one hat considerably altered human life to a degree unknown before.This Archaeological evidence abounds to suggest that Africans from about 1st C AD worked on various metals and also ex ploited various minerals to act as their needs. It is important to note that Africa is one of the richest continents in the world in terms of mineral resources. Of these minerals, the ones mined in the earliest times are iron, copper, tin, gold and salt. In this topic we will examine the origin and development of Iron and other metals like copper. 3. 2 Iron Technology There once existed a widespread belief that iron technology diffused into Africa from outside Africa.More specifically it was believed that the Turks of Anatolia were the first iron users as early as 2000 BC. The information available reveals that the making of iron tools was secret to the Turks and it remained their monopoly. For reasons unknown by historians, this knowledge of iron working leaked to the Hitters (Syria) of the Middle East, probably about 1500 BC. From this region it landed into Africa, through Egypt. The Hitters are say to have moved with the technology to Egypt down the Nile Valley up to More.Anoth er school of thought states the Cushiest More got he knowledge from the Hitters after conquering them. Whichever the case, More became the most important transmission centre of iron technology first to Exam, then to other regions in East and Central Africa. More Kingdom thrived between BBC to BBC. Records have it that the people of More had made iron working their art and occupation. A. H. Sauce, the archaeologist who was associated with the discovery of More in 1911, said that More produced quantities of iron and that place came to be nicknamed The Birmingham of Africa. About BBC, this knowledge is claimed to have diffused to Nook in Central Nigeria. Out of that, other archaeologists have linked Bantu knowledge about iron technology with Nook. Another related argument on the spread of iron technology stated that West Africa whitethorn also have received its iron technology from Cartage through the Sahara or the Atlantic coastal region. Then it is argued that the Bantu speaking peop le migrated with the technology to Central and Southern Africa. Azalea (1993174), in A ripe Economic History of Africa Volvo. Dismisses the comment of the diffusion trail since it was constructed on thin evidence and speculation. The diffusion explanation was guided y the racist notion that Africa or more precisely the part that Europeans call dumb Africa was too primitive for independent technological innovation and development. Indeed as some research by archaeologists and historians has shown, iron technology was invented independently in Africa. Other scholars further still argue that iron technology and metallurgy in general were introduced in Africa from external sources.Yet this latter group ignores the fact that technology is not an unalterable idea to be conceived, bred and transmitted whole from the outside world to Africa without the Africans also injecting their own value to it. Certainly, technology is a continuous process of innovation and change spawned by comple x interaction between iron production techniques and economic, cultural, social, political and environmental transformations. The belief that Egyptians were introduced to the use of iron by the Assyrian or the Greeks has been challenged.More and Exam have been dethroned as centers of the diffusion to the rest of Africa. Available data for the beginning of smelting from several centers in West, Central and East Africa show that the knowledge of iron working was known in these centers between the contemporary with or even earlier than More. For example, in the West Africa region iron working sites have yielded earlier dates in several centers. Evidence for this has been obtained from rock art painting, Arabic sources and from iron implements discovered from excavated sites.Evidence from Joss plateau in Northern Nigeria, which has been categorised as the Nook culture has shown that iron was in fifty-fifty use by at least the third century BC. Here various types of terracotta have bee n found. Other early evidence of iron working in West Africa region have been found at Trauma and Born in Nigeria, Do Dimmit in Niger, Dobra in Ghana and Assonance Valley in Senegal. In the East Africa region, the centers include startup in Tanzania. There was also iron working evidence in the Congo basin and at Machine in Zambia areas of Central Africa.South Africa evidence indicates that iron working was practiced around the 3rd 0 4th century AD. In excavation at some of the working at Determination indicated regular iron operations. One of the vexing issues concerning the spread of iron technology in Africa has been its relation to the migration of the Bantu. The argument has been that the Bantu people have been responsible for the spread of this technology from their West Africa homeland to other regions of Eastern and southern Africa.Their movement has been traced by archaeologists through a special type of pottery which is dimple based and (Urea ware) which is associated with the Bantu. heretofore as Azalea (Ibid) argues, there was no direct correlation between the dispersal of Bantu languages and Iron get on with technology. Azalea and indeed other historians, archaeologists and linguists have demonstrated that Iron Age culture in East Africa communities preceded those communities closer to the Bantu homeland. Linguistic studies have not shown that stems relating to metallurgy in the various Bantu languages are not all derived from a common proto-Bantu, nor are they different from those in non Bantu language. Probably, the expansion of the Bantu speakers from their homeland in south-eastern Nigeria started much earlier than once thought, some 2000-arrears B. C. Before the advent of iron working in West, Central or East Africa. Therefore the earliest Bantu speakers in these areas did not produce iron. Azaleas argument however does not water down the fact that the Bantu were responsible for the spread of Iron technology. Instead of line to water down this fact she evades it and start pointing out that there were pockets of iron smelting in different parts of Africa.Just as there is a big difference in manufacturing a good and marketing it, there is also a very big difference between inventing technology and spreading it and that was what Azalea had forgotten in her argument. This loophole was filled by historians Oliver Roland and linguists like Malcolm Guthrie and Joseph Greenberg who suggested and showed iron technology led to the migration of the Bantu who spread southwards and were able to conquer the Czarina Forest and defeat the original inhabitants they passed through and settled.Using the TTS-TTS-free corridors, iron workers and agriculturalists reached Zambia ND southwards towards Tanganyika from either north or north-west with their cattle Gradually, iron age communities pushed southwards in small groups stint the Zambia by the early centuries of the Christian era, settling in Mishandled in the 4th C and crossing the fetter some time later. However archaeologists say that Stone Age hunter-gatherers lived peacefully with the iron technology farmers until made many of the later to abandon their natural way of life and turn on food production.By early 19th century most African peoples were able to produce their own iron or obtain it from neighboring communities through trade. Iron production was a complex, skill, lengthy and labor intensive process. It involved prospecting, mining, smelting and forging. Iron ore was available in virtually all part of the continent. Iron ore deposits were found by means of outcrops and were extracted through either alluvial or shallow mining. Smelting was done in furnaces using charcoal fuel, after which the iron was forged in workshops.Many products were made including tools, utensils and Jewelry. The most important tools manufactured were hoes, sickles, razors, knives, daggers, rings, wire and weapons such as spear, assesses, arrow-heads and skirmish axes. The p osition of iron producers varied among many Africa societies. In some they were respected while in others they were despised. By early 19th C Africa was sufficient in iron needs. But toward the end of the century, imports had become preponderant in some part of the continent. Three explanation account for this 1 .African iron industries declined because of competition from Europeans products. 2. There were ecological factors that hampered iron production. For example charcoal shortage caused by deforestation affected their production. 3. The role of labor organization and distribution affected the production. Whereas production was increasingly becoming more costly. Europeans imports, though of low quality and often less relevant for local uses were much cheaper, substituting of local with imported therefore became the order of the day. 3. The Impact of Iron Technology on African Societies It led to the development of agriculture as a result of better iron tools. For instance agric ulture was practiced in most areas of Sub-Sahara Africa especially after the introduction of iron tools and implements. It led to sedentary life. Iron tools and equipments which allowed the clearance of wooded areas of Africa made most societies to settle down. Therefore the phase of nomadic way of life was replaced with sedentary life characterized by villages and even bigger social units.Although it is difficult to ascertain the social structures involved, it is likely that over most of Africa, there existed relatively small villages consisting of one or more lineage groups with wider affinities based on clan relationship. Trade flourished. Regional and supranational trade developed as people exchanged metal items like iron tools with other items. Trade transformed most African economies from ones which were largely parasitic on the immediate environment to ones which were in control food reduction and exchange through trade.It is also important to note that trade took another r atio with the advent of metals. Copper and gold were in demand by various communities in the South, North, East and West. There is evidence that suggest that trade was more expanded and various trading networks were developed. Arab evidence has alluded to the existence of trade in metals across the Sahara from the earliest times. Constructions and building works emerged. Metals were used to construct bridges and reinforcement of buildings like pyramids, temples and houses. With the advent of metallurgy, especially iron technology,

Market Potential for Packaged Water Industry in India

Market indigence and Market Potential in Packaged Water Industry in India Packaged water or Bottled water industry, colloquially called, the mineral water industry, is a symbol of new life style emergent in India. Use of mineral water has gradually increased in India due so far-flung shortage of pure hygienic potable water. While a bighearted segment of the population is essay to get access to potable water write out, a new generation especially in the urban atomic number 18as is getting accustomed to bottled water.Drinking water supplies in many parts of India are intermittent. Transmission and diffusion meshs for water are generally old and badly maintained, and as a result, are deteriorating. India is one of the biggest and most(prenominal) attractive water market places in the world. It is considered the 10th largest packaged water consumer country in the world. The boom conviction for Indian bottled water industry is to continue- to a strikinger extent so because the economics are sound, the bottom line is voluptuous and the Indian government hardly cares for what happens to the nations water resources.Corpo target control over water and water dispersion in India is growing rapidly from being confined to the uppermost echelons of society, packaged water has now hold up a commonplace commodity and virtually a necessity in metros. After witnessing historic harvest-time in recent years, it has become a Rs 3,000-Crore industry, one that is slated to only post healthy growth evaluate to become a Rs 10,000-crore business in a short span of time. The market in India has large(p) tremendously over past decade and is said to have a humongous growth rate of 38% per annum as against an international growth rate of 7. %. Market experts observe that there are more than 1800 water brands in India, of which are most are local or shareal brands which are very much classified as unorganized sector. The key brands in the organised sector include Bis leri (Parle), Kinley (Coca-Cola), Oxyrich (Manikchand), Aquafina (Pepsi Foods), etc. In this industry it is popularly said DEMAND OF WATER WOULD neer GO DOWN & WATER WOULD NEVER BE OUT OF BUSINESS While the single largest share in the mineral water market might still belong to an Indian brand Parles $52 million (Rs. . 5 billion) Bisleri brand has a 40 percent share multi-national corporations are not far behind. It has been a pioneer in ledger entry the concept of packaged drinking water in India. It has been so popular with the masses that even now most of the people refer to mineral or packaged water as Bisleri. Nestle and Danone are vying to purchase Bisleri, and Pepsis Aquafina and Cokes Kinley brands have been extremely successful in edging out many of the small and modal(a) players to buy-outs and exclusive licensing deals.In less than two years since its launch, Aquafina has cornered 11 percent of the market and Kinley has almost a third of the market. News reports indi cate that other MNCs like Unilever are also eying the market. Today packaged water is the fastest growing industry in the beverage sector. Western kingdom of India the largest market The occidental region, that is Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa, accounts for a large chunk of around 35-40% of the overall domestic market.Key players in the western region such(prenominal) as the Manikchand Group, Coca-Cola India, Amul India, are keenly contemplating organic and inorganic growth strategies, launch of new brands, venturing into newer segments and so on. Companies in the region are using a combination of various strategies to tap business opportunities such as tie-ups with cinema halls, retail outlets, hotels, hospitals, super markets, institutions and other distribution channels, which abound in the western region of the country.Managing logistics is at the core for the success of bottled water manufacturers. Indeed, groups like Amul India are deliberating using its existing retail netw ork to market and distribute its bottled water. This region is also poised to make a notable contribution to the great Indian bottled water growth story in terms of taking lead in accounting entry water variants and newer sub-segments like mineral water, spring water, flavored water and so on. Here also Biseri has emerged as a market leader. Further Scope of Growth in the IndustryAs the purchasing power and health and hygiene consciousness of Indian consumers improves, the consumption per person is likely to grow exponentially. Not surprisingly, the market is estimated to form the Rs 5,000 crore mark by 2010. Going a step further, more optimistic market experts anticipate a 20 fold leap from the current market size within the next 10-12 years. Apart from increase affluence among domestic consumers, exports would provide a further trigger to the industry. Exports of natural water, particularly to US and Europe, would bewilder growth for domestic players.As per industry forecasts, the demand for potable water is expected to exceed supply by 2020. Not surprisingly, given the lucrative western market and robust growth prospects, many large Indian corporate houses and multinational companies are interested in acquiring strong Indian brands. The skill of Mount Everest Mineral Water by the Tata group is testimony to this trend under which Tata Tea plans to supplement its existing overseas network to distribute natural water, the world over.Also with the increasing international tourism demand for hygienically packaged water is expected to grow manifolds especially with the Commonwealth Games in October 2010. so despite recording exceptional growth rate in past, packaged water industry has a huge growth potential in terms of market size. There are still awkward and semi rural areas to capture. With 19% share of the unorganized sector low priced segments are still left un captured.